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Forging Democracy from Below

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  • Wood,Elisabeth Jean

Abstract

The recent replacement of authoritarian rule by democracy in both South Africa and El Salvador poses a puzzle: why did the powerful and fervently anti-democratic elites of these countries abandon death squads, apartheid, and the other tools of political repression and take a chance on democracy? Forging Democracy from Below, first published in 2000, shows how popular mobilization - in El Salvador an effective guerilla army supported by peasant collaboration and in South Africa a powerful alliance of labor unions and poor urban dwellers - eventually forced the elite to the bargaining table, and why both a durable settlement and democratic government were the result. Using interviews with both insurgent and elite actors as well as statistical analysis of macroeconomic developments, Elisabeth Wood documents an 'insurgent path to democracy' and challenges the view that democracy is the result of compromise among elite factions or the modernizing influence of economic development.

Suggested Citation

  • Wood,Elisabeth Jean, 2000. "Forging Democracy from Below," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521788878.
    • Handle: RePEc:cup:cbooks:9780521788878
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Michael Albertus & Victor Gay, 2017. "Unlikely Democrats: Economic Elite Uncertainty under Dictatorship and Support for Democratization," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 61(3), pages 624-641, July.
    2. Michael Albertus, 2019. "The Fate of Former Authoritarian Elites Under Democracy," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 63(3), pages 727-759, March.
    3. J. W. Fedderke & J. M. Luiz, 2008. "The Political Economy of Institutions, Stability and Investment: A Simultaneous Equation Approach in an Emerging Economy. The Case of South Africa," Journal of Development Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(7), pages 1056-1079.
    4. Erica Chenoweth & Jay Ulfelder, 2017. "Can Structural Conditions Explain the Onset of Nonviolent Uprisings?," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 61(2), pages 298-324, February.
    5. Tianyang Xi, 2014. "Reform or revolution? Theory and evidence on the role of the middle class in the rise of universal male suffrage," Journal of Theoretical Politics, , vol. 26(2), pages 283-311, April.
    6. Charles Butcher & Jessica Maves Braithwaite & Jonathan Pinckney & Eirin Haugseth & Ingrid Vik Bakken & Marius Swane Wishman, 2022. "Introducing the Anatomy of Resistance Campaigns (ARC) dataset," Journal of Peace Research, Peace Research Institute Oslo, vol. 59(3), pages 449-460, May.
    7. Tulia G. Falleti, 2016. "Process tracing of extensive and intensive processes," New Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 21(5), pages 455-462, September.
    8. Gutiérrez Sanín, Francisco, 2009. "Stupid and expensive?: a critique of the costs-of-violence literature," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 28496, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    9. Marino, Maria & Donni, Paolo Li & Bavetta, Sebastiano & Cellini, Marco, 2020. "The democratization process: An empirical appraisal of the role of political protest," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C).
    10. Ignacio Sánchez-Cuenca & Paloma Aguilar, 2009. "Terrorist Violence and Popular Mobilization: The Case of the Spanish Transition to Democracy," Politics & Society, , vol. 37(3), pages 428-453, September.
    11. Jonathan H. Conning & James A. Robinson, 2001. "Land Reform and the Political Organization of Agriculture," Department of Economics Working Papers 2001-10, Department of Economics, Williams College.
    12. Jennifer Raymond Dresden, 2017. "From combatants to candidates: Electoral competition and the legacy of armed conflict," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 34(3), pages 240-263, May.
    13. Meneses-Reyes, Rodrigo & García-Tejeda, Enrique & Fondevila, Gustavo & Massa, Ricardo, 2021. "No life, no land: Homicide and dispossession in Mexico," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    14. Ravi Bhavnani & Michael Ross, 2003. "Announcement, Credibility, and Turnout in Popular Rebellions," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 47(3), pages 340-366, June.
    15. Leonard Wantchekon & Zvika Neeman, 2002. "A Theory of Post-Civil War Democratization," Journal of Theoretical Politics, , vol. 14(4), pages 439-464, October.
    16. Theo Papaioannou & Andrew Watkins & Dinar Kale & Julius Mugwagwa, 2018. "Politics of innovation and development: The role of industry associations in integrating political, bureaucratic, industrial and health systems in India and South Africa," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 36(S1), pages 531-551, March.
    17. David E. Cunningham & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch & Idean Salehyan, 2013. "Non-state actors in civil wars: A new dataset," Conflict Management and Peace Science, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 30(5), pages 516-531, November.
    18. James Heintz, 2002. "Capital Accumulation and Macro Policy in South Africa: Political Instability, Distributive Conflict, and Economic Institutions," Working Papers wp29, Political Economy Research Institute, University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
    19. Mark Peceny & William D. Stanley, 2010. "Counterinsurgency in El Salvador," Politics & Society, , vol. 38(1), pages 67-94, March.
    20. Marianna Belloc & Samuel Bowles, 2013. "The Persistence of Inferior Cultural-Institutional Conventions," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 103(3), pages 93-98, May.
    21. Samuel Bowles, 2010. "The Coevolution of Institutions and Preferences: History and Theory," Chapters, in: Neri Salvadori (ed.), Institutional and Social Dynamics of Growth and Distribution, chapter 2, Edward Elgar Publishing.

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