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The Green Area Ratio: an urban site sustainability metric

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  • Melissa Keeley

Abstract

The Green Area Ratio (GAR) is an urban site sustainability metric which has been used in Berlin, Germany since 1997 to enhance the urban environment by requiring green infrastructure enhancements on private properties. Following an overview of the principles of the GAR instrument, this paper outlines metric development and implementation procedures in Berlin and then analyses how instrument features might affect its potential environmental, social and economic impacts. Despite identified policy deficits and the lack of adequate outcome monitoring in Berlin, the GAR instrument resonates with the environmental planning needs of many urban communities, including its compatibility with dense urbanism, utilisation of green infrastructure techniques, and an aim toward comprehensive environmental planning.

Suggested Citation

  • Melissa Keeley, 2011. "The Green Area Ratio: an urban site sustainability metric," Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 54(7), pages 937-958, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:jenpmg:v:54:y:2011:i:7:p:937-958
    DOI: 10.1080/09640568.2010.547681
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    Cited by:

    1. Yangang Xing & Phil Jones & Iain Donnison, 2017. "Characterisation of Nature-Based Solutions for the Built Environment," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(1), pages 1-20, January.
    2. Magdalena Gyurkovich & Joanna Kołata & Marta Pieczara & Piotr Zierke, 2024. "Assessment of the Greenery Content in Suburban Multi-Family Housing Models in Poland: A Case Study of the Poznań Metropolitan Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-31, April.
    3. Francesca Peroni & Guglielmo Pristeri & Daniele Codato & Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo & Massimo De Marchi, 2019. "Biotope Area Factor: An Ecological Urban Index to Geovisualize Soil Sealing in Padua, Italy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(1), pages 1-17, December.
    4. Outi Tahvonen, 2018. "Scalable Green Infrastructure—The Case of Domestic Private Gardens in Vuores, Finland," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-16, December.
    5. Daria Sikorska & Piotr Sikorski & Richard James Hopkins, 2017. "High Biodiversity of Green Infrastructure Does Not Contribute to Recreational Ecosystem Services," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(3), pages 1-13, February.
    6. V. M. Jayasooriya & A. W. M. Ng & S. Muthukumaran & B. J. C. Perera, 2016. "Optimal Sizing of Green Infrastructure Treatment Trains for Stormwater Management," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 30(14), pages 5407-5420, November.
    7. Amy Hillier & Bing Han & Theodore S. Eisenman & Kelly R. Evenson & Thomas L. McKenzie & Deborah A. Cohen, 2016. "Using Systematic Observations to Understand Conditions that Promote Interracial Experiences in Neighbourhood Parks," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 1(4), pages 51-64.
    8. Juyeon Jang & Nakyung Lee & Sanha Kim & Yeeun Shin & Hyeseon Eom & Kyungjin An & Daeryong Park, 2025. "Probability-Based Framework for Applying the Ecological Area Ratio: Insights from South Korea’s New Towns," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(17), pages 1-24, September.
    9. Amy Hillier & Bing Han & Theodore S. Eisenman & Kelly R. Evenson & Thomas L. McKenzie & Deborah A. Cohen, 2016. "Using Systematic Observations to Understand Conditions that Promote Interracial Experiences in Neighbourhood Parks," Urban Planning, Cogitatio Press, vol. 1(4), pages 51-64.
    10. Ulrich Morawetz & Dieter Mayr & Doris Damyanovic, 2016. "Ökonomische Effekte grüner Infrastruktur als Teil eines Grünflächenfaktors. Ein Leitfaden," Working Papers 662016, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Economic Development.

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