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Geographic distribution of cardiovascular comorbidities in South Africa: a national cross-sectional analysis

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  • Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala
  • Samuel O.M. Manda
  • William W. Tigbe
  • Henry Mwambi
  • Saverio Stranges

Abstract

Objectives : We sought to estimate the spatial coexistence of hypertension, coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and hypercholesterolaemia in South Africa. Design : Cross-sectional. Setting : Sub-Saharan Africa and South Africa. Participants : Data were from 13,827 adults (mean±SD age 39±18 years, 58.4% women) interviewed in the 1998 South African Health and Demographic Survey. Interventions : N/A. Primary and secondary outcome measures : We used multivariate spatial disease models to estimate district-level shared and disease-specific spatial risk components, controlling for known individual risk factors. Results : In univariate analysis, observed prevalence of hypertension and CHD is was high in the south-western parts, and low in the north east. Stroke and high blood cholesterol prevalence appeared to be evenly distributed across the country. In multivariate analysis (adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, education, urban-dwelling, smoking, alcohol consumption and obesity), hypertension and stroke prevalence were highly concentrated in the south-western parts, whilst CHD and hypercholesterolaemia were highly prevalent in central and top north-eastern corridor, respectively. The shared component, which we took to represent nutrition and other lifestyle factors not accounted for in the model, had a larger effect on cardiovascular disease prevalence in the south-western areas of the country. It appeared to have greater effect on hypertension and CHD. Conclusion : This study suggests a clear geographic distribution of cardiovascular disease in South Africa, driven possibly by shared lifestyle behaviours. These findings might be useful for public health resource allocation in low-income settings.

Suggested Citation

  • Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala & Samuel O.M. Manda & William W. Tigbe & Henry Mwambi & Saverio Stranges, 2014. "Geographic distribution of cardiovascular comorbidities in South Africa: a national cross-sectional analysis," Journal of Applied Statistics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(6), pages 1203-1216, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:japsta:v:41:y:2014:i:6:p:1203-1216
    DOI: 10.1080/02664763.2013.862223
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ian H. Langford & Alistair H. Leyland & Jon Rasbash & Harvey Goldstein, 1999. "Multilevel Modelling of the Geographical Distributions of Diseases," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 48(2), pages 253-268.
    2. Joshua A. Salomon & Christopher J. L. Murray, 2002. "The Epidemiologic Transition Revisited: Compositional Models for Causes of Death by Age and Sex," Population and Development Review, The Population Council, Inc., vol. 28(2), pages 205-228, June.
    3. Leonhard Knorr‐Held & Nicola G. Best, 2001. "A shared component model for detecting joint and selective clustering of two diseases," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 164(1), pages 73-85.
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    1. Saad Siddiqui & Ngianga-Bakwin Kandala & Saverio Stranges, 2015. "Urbanisation and geographic variation of overweight and obesity in India: a cross-sectional analysis of the Indian Demographic Health Survey 2005–2006," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 60(6), pages 717-726, September.

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