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Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 to 2000

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  • Rolf Pendall
  • John I. Carruthers

Abstract

A fundamental goal of many smart growth efforts is to promote greater socioeconomic equity through more compact development. In this article, we point out that the connection between the built environment and socioeconomic outcomes may be more complex than it is generally portrayed to be, particularly in light of recent trends in urban and regional development. Through an empirical analysis involving two measures of income segregation, dissimilarity and isolation, in a national data set of metropolitan areas from 1980 to 2000, we illustrate that the relationship between density and income segregation follows a quadratic function, first rising, then falling, as densities increase. Moreover, changes in density—whether increases or decreases—always increased segregation. These findings suggest that, if greater socioeconomic equity is a goal, smart growth programs need to pay as much attention to market forces and the underlying political landscape as they do to the built environment.

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  • Rolf Pendall & John I. Carruthers, 2003. "Does density exacerbate income segregation? Evidence from U.S. metropolitan areas, 1980 to 2000," Housing Policy Debate, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(4), pages 541-589, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:houspd:v:14:y:2003:i:4:p:541-589
    DOI: 10.1080/10511482.2003.9521487
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    Cited by:

    1. Hongwei Dong & Pengyu Zhu, 2015. "Smart growth in two contrastive metropolitan areas: A comparison between Portland and Los Angeles," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 52(4), pages 775-792, March.
    2. Shukla, Anugya & Jain, Kamal & Ramsankaran, RAAJ & Rajasekaran, Eswar, 2021. "Understanding the macro-micro dynamics of urban densification: A case study of different sized Indian cities," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 107(C).
    3. Lee, Changyeon, 2020. "Impacts of two-scale urban form and their combined effects on commute modes in U.S. metropolitan areas," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 88(C).
    4. Monkkonen, Paavo & Zhang, Xiaohu, 2014. "Innovative measurement of spatial segregation: Comparative evidence from Hong Kong and San Francisco," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 47(C), pages 99-111.
    5. Paolo Veneri & Andre Comandon & Miquel‐Àngel Garcia‐López & Michiel N. Daams, 2021. "What do divided cities have in common? An international comparison of income segregation," Journal of Regional Science, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 61(1), pages 162-188, January.
    6. Palm, Matthew & Gregor, Brian & Wang, Haizhong & McMullen, B. Starr, 2014. "The trade-offs between population density and households׳ transportation-housing costs," Transport Policy, Elsevier, vol. 36(C), pages 160-172.
    7. Garcia-López, Miquel-Àngel & Moreno-Monroy, Ana I., 2018. "Income segregation in monocentric and polycentric cities: Does urban form really matter?," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 62-79.
    8. Crane, Randall, 2008. "Counterpoint: Accessibility and Sprawl," The Journal of Transport and Land Use, Center for Transportation Studies, University of Minnesota, vol. 1(1), pages 13-19.
    9. Vera Götze & Josje Anna Bouwmeester & Mathias Jehling, 2024. "For whom do we densify? Explaining income variation across densification projects in the region of Utrecht, the Netherlands," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 61(7), pages 1273-1290, May.
    10. Elizabeth A. Mack & Emily Talen & Julia Koschinsky, 2017. "Walkable Art: An Empirical Investigation of Arts-Related Businesses and Walkable Neighborhoods," Economic Development Quarterly, , vol. 31(2), pages 149-163, May.

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