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Attendance and promotions in minor league baseball: the Carolina League

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  • Richard Cebula
  • Michael Toma
  • Jay Carmichael

Abstract

This empirical study investigates determinants of attendance at minor league baseball games in the Carolina League in 2006. The focus of the analysis is on the effect of a wide variety of game-day promotions on attendance on a game-by-game basis, rather than aggregate attendance during the season. The Ordinary Least Square (OLS) results imply that attendance is positively a function of per capita income in the city or county hosting the team, runs scored by the home team, Friday and Saturday games, and promotions that provide cost-reduced food or beverages, low- and high-value merchandise and post-game fireworks. Attendance is negatively a function of home team errors, Monday games and possibly rainy conditions during the game. An unusual finding with respect to minor league baseball is that team performance variables affect attendance. However, home team runs scored and home team errors contribute to the overall entertainment experience for the home team fans, and thus yield plausible effects on attendance.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard Cebula & Michael Toma & Jay Carmichael, 2009. "Attendance and promotions in minor league baseball: the Carolina League," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(25), pages 3209-3214.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:41:y:2009:i:25:p:3209-3214
    DOI: 10.1080/00036840903286323
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    Cited by:

    1. Richard Cebula & Christopher Coombs & Luther Lawson & Maggie Foley, 2013. "The Impacts of Promotions/Marketing, Scheduling, and Economic Factors on Total Gross Revenues for Minor League Baseball Teams," International Advances in Economic Research, Springer;International Atlantic Economic Society, vol. 19(3), pages 249-257, August.
    2. Richard Cebula, 2013. "A panel data analysis of the impacts of regional economic factors, marketing and promotions, and team performance on minor league baseball attendance," The Annals of Regional Science, Springer;Western Regional Science Association, vol. 51(3), pages 695-710, December.
    3. Nola Agha & Thomas Rhoads, 2016. "The League Standing Effect: The Case of a Split Season in Minor League Baseball," Working Papers 2016-13, Towson University, Department of Economics, revised Jul 2016.
    4. Nola Agha, 2013. "The Economic Impact of Stadiums and Teams," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 14(3), pages 227-252, June.
    5. Rodney J. Paul & Charles Garrett & Cody Barbuto & Kyle Liotta, 2019. "Celebrity attraction in the minors: the case of Tim Tebow," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 43(4), pages 795-812, October.
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    7. Seth R. Gitter & Thomas A. Rhoads, 2011. "Top Prospects and Minor League Baseball Attendance," Journal of Sports Economics, , vol. 12(3), pages 341-351, June.
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