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Sufficiency-driven business models for rare earth recycling: integrating stakeholder collaboration and customer discovery for sustainable innovation

Author

Listed:
  • Chinenye Chinwego

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Rosanna Garcia

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Daniel McArthur Sehar

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Evan MacGregor

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Steven Tate

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Kenneth Savage

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Thaddaeus Zuber

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Benjamin Sseruwagi

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Daniel Dietrich

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Emmanuel Opoku

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • David Smith

    (Newagen Group LLC)

  • Adam Powell

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

  • Brajendra Mishra

    (Worcester Polytechnic Institute)

Abstract

This paper explores the development of a collaborative and customer-centric business model for sustainable innovation in rare earth magnet recycling. Rare earth elements have become crucial to various electronics and renewable energy systems. Due to their finite nature and the supply risk they pose as they are available in a few countries, recycling these magnets is becoming increasingly important as demand increases. This study highlights the importance of developing business models that prioritize resource sufficiency, economic viability and environmental conservation. It emphasizes customer discovery, a critical component in understanding market needs and consumer behavior. Through detailed case studies as part of the NSF I-Corps program, this paper presents evidence from over 130 stakeholder interviews, completed with individuals from rare earth magnet companies, rare earth magnet recycling companies, National laboratories, metal alloy companies, and metal recycling companies. These case studies highlight best practices, challenges, and lessons learned, providing a comprehensive blueprint for other businesses to follow. In addition, this paper explores policy implications, advocating for regulatory frameworks that support sustainable practices and incentivize recycling initiatives. Ultimately, this research aims to contribute to the circular economy by demonstrating how sufficiency-driven business models can lead to sustainable growth and resilience in the rare earth recycling industry. By integrating stakeholder collaboration and customer discovery, businesses can innovate effectively, ensuring the sustainability of both their operations and the environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Chinenye Chinwego & Rosanna Garcia & Daniel McArthur Sehar & Evan MacGregor & Steven Tate & Kenneth Savage & Thaddaeus Zuber & Benjamin Sseruwagi & Daniel Dietrich & Emmanuel Opoku & David Smith & Ada, 2025. "Sufficiency-driven business models for rare earth recycling: integrating stakeholder collaboration and customer discovery for sustainable innovation," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 14(1), pages 1-20, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:joiaen:v:14:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1186_s13731-025-00480-1
    DOI: 10.1186/s13731-025-00480-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Pravee Kruachottikul & Poomsiri Dumrongvute & Pinnaree Tea-makorn & Santhaya Kittikowit & Arisara Amrapala, 2023. "New product development process and case studies for deep-tech academic research to commercialization," Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Springer, vol. 12(1), pages 1-25, December.
    2. Keilhacker, Michael L. & Minner, Stefan, 2017. "Supply chain risk management for critical commodities: A system dynamics model for the case of the rare earth elements," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 125(C), pages 349-362.
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