IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/ijsaem/v16y2025i8d10.1007_s13198-025-02822-4.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

An EGPQ model with selling price and green degree dependent demand and imperfect product

Author

Listed:
  • Kartik Patra

    (Vivekananda Satavarshiki Mahavidyalaya)

Abstract

In this present work, a single item Economic Green Production Quantity (EGPQ) model has been proposed. The environmental impacts are minimized with the use of green products. These products reduce environmental waste and maximize resource efficiency. For healthier life and eco-friendly life, use of green products is very much important. So in today’s global market scenario, green product has a great impact to the consumers as well as to customers. For that reason, green production is an attractive idea to the manufacturer to increase the business more eco-friendly. So, our goal is to introduced a production model such that the profit of the manufacturer will be maximized as well as the greenness of the product also increased. To reduce the production waste, some extra cost is also needed. So, in this paper, an extra cost has been considered for each produced items. Now no production system is perfect, for that reason it is also assumed that the proposed system produced some imperfect items. To separate the perfect and imperfect product a screening system has been considered. The perfect quality items have a demand in the market which is depended on the green degree of the product as well as the selling price of the product. The consideration of production costs dependent on the degree of greenness has not been addressed in previous EPQ models, making this approach a novel addition to the proposed model. Since producer always want to sell the items in a rate which is greater than production cost. So a variable mark up has been considered here. The imperfect quality items are sold in a lot after the production period. Now our aim of this paper is to find the optimal profit value of the manufacturer with the use of green product by the commodity. In the proposed model, the optimality has been analyzed with numerical and graphical results. As the model is non linear LINGO software is used to solve the optimal model. The results clearly show that increased use of green products leads to higher profits for the manufacturer. The analysis indicates that as production of green products rises, demand also grows, thereby boosting the manufacturer’s profit.

Suggested Citation

  • Kartik Patra, 2025. "An EGPQ model with selling price and green degree dependent demand and imperfect product," International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management, Springer;The Society for Reliability, Engineering Quality and Operations Management (SREQOM),India, and Division of Operation and Maintenance, Lulea University of Technology, Sweden, vol. 16(8), pages 2683-2701, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ijsaem:v:16:y:2025:i:8:d:10.1007_s13198-025-02822-4
    DOI: 10.1007/s13198-025-02822-4
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13198-025-02822-4
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s13198-025-02822-4?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to

    for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Al-Amin Khan, Md. & Shaikh, Ali Akbar & Konstantaras, Ioannis & Bhunia, Asoke Kumar & Cárdenas-Barrón, Leopoldo Eduardo, 2020. "Inventory models for perishable items with advanced payment, linearly time-dependent holding cost and demand dependent on advertisement and selling price," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 230(C).
    2. Salameh, M. K. & Jaber, M. Y., 2000. "Economic production quantity model for items with imperfect quality," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 64(1-3), pages 59-64, March.
    3. Sicilia, Joaquín & González-De-la-Rosa, Manuel & Febles-Acosta, Jaime & Alcaide-López-de-Pablo, David, 2014. "An inventory model for deteriorating items with shortages and time-varying demand," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 155(C), pages 155-162.
    4. Chaudhari, Urmila & Bhadoriya, Amrita & Jani, Mrudul Y. & Sarkar, Biswajit, 2023. "A generalized payment policy for deteriorating items when demand depends on price, stock, and advertisement under carbon tax regulations," Mathematics and Computers in Simulation (MATCOM), Elsevier, vol. 207(C), pages 556-574.
    5. Azoury, Katy S. & Miyaoka, Julia, 2020. "Optimal and simple approximate solutions to a production-inventory system with stochastic and deterministic demand," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 286(1), pages 178-189.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Bikash Koli Dey & Hyesung Seok, 2024. "Intelligent inventory management with autonomation and service strategy," Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, Springer, vol. 35(1), pages 307-330, January.
    2. Katherinne Salas-Navarro & Whady F. Florez & Leopoldo Eduardo Cárdenas-Barrón, 2024. "A vendor-managed inventory model for a three-layer supply chain considering exponential demand, imperfect system, and remanufacturing," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 332(1), pages 329-371, January.
    3. Viswanath Jagadeesan & Thilagavathi Rajamanickam & Vladimira Schindlerova & Sreelakshmi Subbarayan & Robert Cep, 2023. "A Study on Two-Warehouse Inventory Systems with Integrated Multi-Purpose Production Unit and Partitioned Rental Warehouse," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 11(18), pages 1-24, September.
    4. Majed G. Alharbi, 2022. "Carbon Reduction Technology Based on Imperfect Production System for Deteriorating Items with Warranty Periods and Greenness Dependent Demand," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-16, November.
    5. Abu Hashan Md Mashud & Dipa Roy & Yosef Daryanto & Mohd Helmi Ali, 2020. "A Sustainable Inventory Model with Imperfect Products, Deterioration, and Controllable Emissions," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 8(11), pages 1-21, November.
    6. Kar, Sumi & Basu, Kajla & Sarkar, Biswajit, 2023. "Advertisement policy for dual-channel within emissions-controlled flexible production system," Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    7. Janssen, Larissa & Claus, Thorsten & Sauer, Jürgen, 2016. "Literature review of deteriorating inventory models by key topics from 2012 to 2015," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 182(C), pages 86-112.
    8. Manoranjan De & Barun Das & Manoranjan Maiti, 2016. "EPL models for complementary and substitute items under imperfect production process with promotional cost and selling price dependent demands," OPSEARCH, Springer;Operational Research Society of India, vol. 53(2), pages 259-277, June.
    9. Hsu, Jia-Tzer & Hsu, Lie-Fern, 2013. "An EOQ model with imperfect quality items, inspection errors, shortage backordering, and sales returns," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 143(1), pages 162-170.
    10. Huang, Chao-Kuei, 2004. "An optimal policy for a single-vendor single-buyer integrated production-inventory problem with process unreliability consideration," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 91-98, September.
    11. Sher, Mikhail M. & Kim, Seung-Lae & Banerjee, Avijit & Paz, Michael T., 2018. "A supply chain coordination mechanism for common items subject to failure in the electronics, defense, and medical industries," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 164-173.
    12. Nasr, Walid W. & Jaber, Mohamad Y., 2019. "Supplier development in a two-level lot sizing problem with non-conforming items and learning," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 216(C), pages 349-363.
    13. Sebatjane, Makoena & Adetunji, Olufemi, 2019. "Economic order quantity model for growing items with imperfect quality," Operations Research Perspectives, Elsevier, vol. 6(C).
    14. Soosan Moradi & Mohammad Reza Gholamian & Arash Sepehri, 2023. "An inventory model for imperfect quality items considering learning effects and partial trade credit policy," OPSEARCH, Springer;Operational Research Society of India, vol. 60(1), pages 276-325, March.
    15. Md. Limonur Rahman Lingkon & Md. Asadujjaman & Adri Dash, 2025. "An Integrated Model for Freshness, Cost Reduction, and Carbon Footprint Minimization of an Efficient Supply Chain Management for Perishable Goods," SN Operations Research Forum, Springer, vol. 6(2), pages 1-37, June.
    16. Ching-Ter Chang & Huang-Mu Chen & Zheng-Yun Zhuang, 2014. "Integrated multi-choice goal programming and multi-segment goal programming for supplier selection considering imperfect-quality and price-quantity discounts in a multiple sourcing environment," International Journal of Systems Science, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(5), pages 1101-1111, May.
    17. R. Patro & Mitali M. Nayak & M. Acharya, 2019. "An EOQ model for fuzzy defective rate with allowable proportionate discount," OPSEARCH, Springer;Operational Research Society of India, vol. 56(1), pages 191-215, March.
    18. Tien-Yu Lin & Kuo-Lung Hou, 2015. "An imperfect quality economic order quantity with advanced receiving," TOP: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 23(2), pages 535-551, July.
    19. Lee, Hsu-Hua, 2008. "The investment model in preventive maintenance in multi-level production systems," International Journal of Production Economics, Elsevier, vol. 112(2), pages 816-828, April.
    20. Harun Öztürk, 2021. "Optimal production run time for an imperfect production inventory system with rework, random breakdowns and inspection costs," Operational Research, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 167-204, March.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:ijsaem:v:16:y:2025:i:8:d:10.1007_s13198-025-02822-4. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.