Bridging Theory and Practice: A Meta-analysis of Supply Chain Interventions for Resilience in Uncertain Environments

This study evaluates the effectiveness of supply chain interventions—lean, agile, collaboration, and total quality management (TQM)—in enhancing resilience under uncertainty and complexity. There is a gap between theoretical frameworks and practical applications, challenging the adequacy of traditional methodologies. To address this gap, a dual framework systematic review and meta-analysis approach is employed. The findings reveal a significant post-COVID-19 shift toward lean, agile, and collaborative practices, which collectively enhance supply chain performance (r = 0.472). However, substantial heterogeneity remains unexplained, as observed in previous meta-analyses. These insights signal a scholarly transition from explanatory to exploratory frameworks, emphasizing dynamic paradigms. This study contributes to the theoretical domain by advocating for the Cynefin framework as a tool to align theories and methodologies with varying levels of environmental complexity and uncertainty. Practitioners are encouraged to adopt flexible, hybrid approaches, such as leagile strategies and bottleneck-centric methods, tailored to specific planning environments. The findings also highlight that no universal solution exists, particularly in the adoption of digital technologies.