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Exploring farmers’ coping strategies and adaptive measures against the extended drought in Balochistan, Province of Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Hashim Durrani

    (University of Balochistan)

  • Ainuddin Syed

    (University of Balochistan)

  • Sharon Gourdji

    (National Institute of Standards and Technology)

  • Ghulam Murtuza

    (University of Balochistan)

  • Amanullah Mengal

    (University of Balochistan)

Abstract

Small-scale farmers are at risk and have been negatively affected by the extended drought since the late 1990s in Balochistan, Pakistan. Using questionnaire surveys, key informant interviews and focus group discussions conducted in 2018, this study explores the coping and adaptation strategies used by farmers in the region over the last few decades to mitigate the adverse impacts of extended drought. The study employs binary logistic regression models on survey data of 265 selected farm households regarding their coping strategies. Multiple factors determined farmers’ adaptation strategies, which include reducing the number of domestic animals, selling household assets, borrowing money from relatives, off-farm labor work and seasonal migration. We found that most of the farmers were reluctant to plant new crop varieties and were not ready to take any undue risks. However, farmers did adjust their inputs (i.e., fertilizers, manure and pesticides) in anticipation of drought years, and opted for mixed-cropping and off-farm livelihood activities to minimize the impact of production losses. Barriers impeding small-scale farmers from taking other appropriate adaptation measures (e.g., expanding irrigation capacity) were financial constraints, lack of water resources, non-availability of efficient technologies, insufficient provision of electricity, limited empirical knowledge, poor extension services and the heavy financial constraints faced by the farmers during the extended drought period.

Suggested Citation

  • Hashim Durrani & Ainuddin Syed & Sharon Gourdji & Ghulam Murtuza & Amanullah Mengal, 2025. "Exploring farmers’ coping strategies and adaptive measures against the extended drought in Balochistan, Province of Pakistan," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 27(3), pages 6663-6682, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:27:y:2025:i:3:d:10.1007_s10668-023-04161-5
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-023-04161-5
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Muhammad Ashraf & Jayant Routray & Muhammad Saeed, 2014. "Determinants of farmers’ choice of coping and adaptation measures to the drought hazard in northwest Balochistan, Pakistan," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 73(3), pages 1451-1473, September.
    2. Asfaw, Solomon & McCarthy, Nancy & Lipper, Leslie & Arslan, Aslihan & Cattaneo, Andrea & Kachulu, Mutie, 2014. "Climate variability, adaptation strategies and food security in Malawi," ESA Working Papers 288980, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA).
    3. F. Sönmez & Ali Kömüscü & Ayhan Erkan & Ertan Turgu, 2005. "An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Dimension of Drought Vulnerability in Turkey Using the Standardized Precipitation Index," Natural Hazards: Journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, Springer;International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards, vol. 35(2), pages 243-264, June.
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