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Major ions and irrigation water quality assessment of the Nepalese Himalayan rivers

Author

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  • Chhatra Mani Sharma

    (Tribhuvan University
    Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
    Lappeenranta University of Technology)

  • Shichang Kang

    (Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
    CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences)

  • Lekhendra Tripathee

    (Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
    Himalayan Environment Research Institute)

  • Rukumesh Paudyal

    (Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
    Himalayan Environment Research Institute)

  • Mika Sillanpää

    (Lappeenranta University of Technology
    Duy Tan University
    University of Southern Queensland)

Abstract

Water quality analysis of the Himalayan rivers for irrigation was carried out in 2013 that include the Dudh Koshi, Indrawati, Gandaki and Bagmati rivers from Nepal. Former three rivers originate at high altitudes and are glacier-fed rivers, whereas the Bagmati River originates at the high hill and flows through the capital city of Nepal. The river water samples were collected at 93 sites representing river from lowlands, mid-hills and high mountains of the Himalayas. Nine major ions (Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, F−, Cl−, $${\text{SO}}_{4}^{2 - }$$ SO 4 2 - , $${\text{HCO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ HCO 3 - and $${\text{NO}}_{3}^{ - }$$ NO 3 - ), pH, EC and TDS were analyzed so as to assess the water quality for irrigation. Irrigation water quality was assessed by calculating sodium adsorption ration (SAR), soluble sodium percentage (SSP or %Na) and water quality index (WQI). Although SAR indicated that all the water samples were having low values and could be suitable for the irrigation purpose, some sites from the Bagmati River were having high class of EC, rendering it not good for irrigation. Similar results were indicated by %Na as well as WQI results where low water qualities were observed from some highly contaminated sites in the city area. This clearly indicates the impacts of urbanization (anthropogenic) in river water quality for the irrigation in the Himalayan rivers of Nepal.

Suggested Citation

  • Chhatra Mani Sharma & Shichang Kang & Lekhendra Tripathee & Rukumesh Paudyal & Mika Sillanpää, 2021. "Major ions and irrigation water quality assessment of the Nepalese Himalayan rivers," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 23(2), pages 2668-2680, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:endesu:v:23:y:2021:i:2:d:10.1007_s10668-020-00694-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s10668-020-00694-1
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Gordon, Line J. & Finlayson, C. Max & Falkenmark, Malin, 2010. "Managing water in agriculture for food production and other ecosystem services," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(4), pages 512-519, April.
    2. Elgallal, M. & Fletcher, L. & Evans, B., 2016. "Assessment of potential risks associated with chemicals in wastewater used for irrigation in arid and semiarid zones: A review," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 419-431.
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    1. Docheshmeh Gorgij, A. & Askari, Gh & Taghipour, A.A. & Jami, M. & Mirfardi, M., 2023. "Spatiotemporal Forecasting of the Groundwater Quality for Irrigation Purposes, Using Deep Learning Method: Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 277(C).

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