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Tourism Demand Modelling and Forecasting: How Should Demand Be Measured?

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  • Haiyan Song

    (School of Hotel and Tourism Management, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, PR China)

  • Gang Li

    (Faculty of Management and Law, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK)

  • Stephen F. Witt
  • Baogang Fei

Abstract

Tourist arrivals and tourist expenditure, in both aggregate and per capita forms, are commonly used measures of tourism demand in empirical research. This study compares these two measures in the context of econometric modelling and the forecasting of tourism demand. The empirical study focuses on demand for Hong Kong tourism by residents of Australia, the UK and the USA. Using the general-to-specific modelling approach, key determinants of tourism demand are identified based on different demand measures. In addition, the forecasting accuracy of these demand measures is examined. It is found that tourist arrivals in Hong Kong are influenced mainly by tourists' income and ‘word-of-mouth’/habit persistence effects, while the tourism price in Hong Kong relative to that of the tourist origin country is the most important determinant of tourist expenditure in Hong Kong. Moreover, the aggregate tourism demand models outperform the per capita models, with aggregate expenditure models being the most accurate. The implications of these findings for tourism decision making are that the choice of demand measure for forecasting models should depend on whether the objective of the decision maker is to maximize tourist arrivals or expenditure (receipts), and also that the models should be specified in aggregate form.

Suggested Citation

  • Haiyan Song & Gang Li & Stephen F. Witt & Baogang Fei, 2010. "Tourism Demand Modelling and Forecasting: How Should Demand Be Measured?," Tourism Economics, , vol. 16(1), pages 63-81, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:toueco:v:16:y:2010:i:1:p:63-81
    DOI: 10.5367/000000010790872213
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Haiyan Song & Stephen F. Witt & Gang Li, 2003. "Modelling and Forecasting the Demand for Thai Tourism," Tourism Economics, , vol. 9(4), pages 363-387, December.
    2. Mizon, Grayham E & Richard, Jean-Francois, 1986. "The Encompassing Principle and Its Application to Testing Non-nested Hypotheses," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 54(3), pages 657-678, May.
    3. Davidson, James E H, et al, 1978. "Econometric Modelling of the Aggregate Time-Series Relationship between Consumers' Expenditure and Income in the United Kingdom," Economic Journal, Royal Economic Society, vol. 88(352), pages 661-692, December.
    4. Stephan Schulmeister, 1979. "Tourism and the Business Cycle. Econometric Models for the Purpose of Analysis and Forecasting of Short-Term Changes in the Demand for Tourism," WIFO Studies, WIFO, number 2878.
    5. M. Thea Sinclair, 1997. "Tourism and Economic Development: A Survey," Studies in Economics 9703, School of Economics, University of Kent.
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