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The Effect of Reciprocity on Trust: International Cooperation and COVID Aid

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  • Andrew Roskos-Ewoldsen
  • Morgan Ellithorpe
  • Brandon J Kinne

Abstract

Reciprocity is a well-known influence on international cooperation. However, we lack an explanation for how reciprocity at the international level affects individual beliefs and attitudes. How do people interpret situations where countries return favors, or fail to? In this study, we present a micro-level explanation of reciprocity based on the theoretical framework of Unbounded Generalized Reciprocity, where reciprocity operates as an informational shortcut about the trustworthiness of others. In an experimental survey of US adults, we test the roles of exposure to between-country reciprocity, perceived similarity, and costliness on trust toward a counterpart country, using the context of cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic. We find that reciprocity, compared to a reciprocity violation, predicted significantly more trust, and this was not moderated by similarity or costliness. We interpret these results as supporting evidence that reciprocity, at the individual-level, acts as a heuristic tool for determining the trustworthiness of other countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew Roskos-Ewoldsen & Morgan Ellithorpe & Brandon J Kinne, 2026. "The Effect of Reciprocity on Trust: International Cooperation and COVID Aid," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 70(1), pages 115-139, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jocore:v:70:y:2026:i:1:p:115-139
    DOI: 10.1177/00220027251342144
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Erik Gartzke & Kristian Skrede Gleditsch, 2004. "Why Democracies May Actually Be Less Reliable Allies," American Journal of Political Science, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 48(4), pages 775-795, October.
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