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Sex-Role Orientation, Defensiveness, and Competitiveness in Women

Author

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  • Barbara Lichner Ingram

    (Psychological Research and Service Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles)

  • Stephen E. Berger

    (Psychological Research and Service Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles)

Abstract

Women of differing sex-role orientations and levels of defensiveness played a PDG with a woman identified as either traditionally or career-oriented, but who was actually a confederate using a nonresponsive 60% cooperative strategy. To facilitate avoidance of competition, matrix values minimized the pull toward defection, and a third self-protective choice was provided as an alternative to unilateral cooperative sacrifice. Women rejecting the traditional feminine role consistently avoided competition, regardless of their level of defensiveness, and particularly when the other was similar in orientation. For women endorsing both traditional and career values, low defensiveness corresponded with avoidance of competition, while high defensiveness corresponded with competitive behavior, similar to that of traditionally oriented women. Both sex-role orientation and defensiveness demonstrated their usefulness as individual difference dimensions affecting the behavior of women in the PDG.

Suggested Citation

  • Barbara Lichner Ingram & Stephen E. Berger, 1977. "Sex-Role Orientation, Defensiveness, and Competitiveness in Women," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 21(3), pages 501-518, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:jocore:v:21:y:1977:i:3:p:501-518
    DOI: 10.1177/002200277702100307
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Stuart Oskamp & Daniel Perlman, 1965. "Factors affecting cooperation in a Prisoner's Dilemma game," Journal of Conflict Resolution, Peace Science Society (International), vol. 9(3), pages 359-374, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Nabanita Datta Gupta & Anders Poulsen & Marie Claire Villeval, 2005. "Male and Female Competitive Behavior - Experimental Evidence," Post-Print halshs-00180022, HAL.
    2. Eckel, Catherine C. & Grossman, Philip J., 1996. "The relative price of fairness: gender differences in a punishment game," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 30(2), pages 143-158, August.
    3. Pablo Brañas Garza & Antonio Morales, 2003. "Gender Differences in Prisoners' Dilemma," Economic Working Papers at Centro de Estudios Andaluces E2003/19, Centro de Estudios Andaluces.
    4. Philip J. Grossman & Youngseok Park & Jean Paul Rabanal & Olga A. Rud, 2019. "Gender differences in an endogenous timing conflict game," Working Papers 141, Peruvian Economic Association.
    5. Nabanita Datta Gupta & Anders Poulsen & Marie Claire Villeval, 2005. "Male and Female Competitive Behavior: Experimental," Post-Print halshs-00175039, HAL.
    6. Nabanita Datta Gupta & Anders Poulsen & Marie Claire Villeval, 2013. "Gender Matching And Competitiveness: Experimental Evidence," Economic Inquiry, Western Economic Association International, vol. 51(1), pages 816-835, January.

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