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Une lecture enrichie des réponses aux enquêtes de conjoncture

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  • François Hild

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[fre] Une lecture enrichie des réponses aux enquêtes de conjoncture . . Les enquêtes de conjoncture ont pour objectif d’appréhender, le plus rapidement et le plus simplement possible, les évolutions récentes et probables de l'activité économique. La plupart des questions posées amènent des réponses qualitatives à trois modalités (qualification d’une évolution: en hausse / stable / en baisse). Les indicateurs qualitatifs que fournissent ces enquêtes sont synthétisés sous la forme de soldes d’opinion . représentant la différence entre le pourcentage de réponses à la modalité «supérieure» et le pourcentage de réponses à la modalité «inférieure». Or, de tels indicateurs ne résument véritablement les réponses que si les pourcentages de réponses à la modalité «stable» sont à peu près constants. Une autre démarche consiste à synthétiser les réponses aux enquêtes de conjoncture en un indicateur qui, à la différence du solde d’opinion, tienne compte du pourcentage de réponses à la modalité «stable». Cet indicateur est construit à partir d’une analyse en composantes principales (ACP) qui fournit la combinaison linéaire des trois pourcentages qui capture le plus de variabilité entre les enquêtes successives. Très voisins pour certaines questions, les deux «résumés» des réponses divergent sensiblement pour d’autres questions et peuvent éventuellement conduire à des analyses conjoncturelles différentes. Une application à la prévision de la croissance trimestrielle de la production manufacturière, utilisant les données disponibles au moment de l’exercice de prévision, illustre que les indicateurs construits par ACP fournissent en moyenne des prévisions légèrement plus précises que celles fournies par les soldes d’opinion, mais généralement concordantes. Ces travaux montrent qu’il y a là une voie de recherche fructueuse. [spa] Una lectura enriquecida por las respuestas a las encuestas de coyuntura . . Las encuestas de coyuntura tienen como fin el medir de la manera más rápida y sencilla posible las evoluciones recientes y probables de la actividad económica. La mayor parte de las preguntas inducen unas respuestas cualitativas según tres modalidades (cualificación de una evolución: al alza / estable / a la baja). Los indicadores cualitativos que proporcionan esas encuestas se sintetizan bajo la forma de saldos de opinión los cuales representan la diferencia entre el porcentaje de respuestas de modalidad «superior» y el porcentaje de respuestas de modalidad «inferior». Ahora bien, tales indicadores sólo resumen verdaderamente las respuestas cuando los porcentajes de respuestas de modalidad «estable» son casi constantes. Otro proceder consiste en sintetizar las respuestas a las encuestas de coyuntura bajo la forma de un indicador que, al contrario del saldo de opinión, tome en cuenta el porcentaje de respuestas de modalidad «estable». Este indicador se construye a partir de un análisis en componentes principales (ACP) que proporciona la combinación lineal de los tres porcentajes que abarquen mayor variabilidad entre las sucesivas encuestas. Muy cercanos en cuanto a ciertas preguntas, los dos «resúmenes» de las respuestas difieren bastante para otras preguntas y pueden incluso desembocar en unos análisis coyunturales diferentes. Una aplicación a la previsión del crecimiento trimestral de la producción manufacturera basada en los datos existentes en el momento de hacer la previsión, muestra que los indicadores construidos por ACP proporcionan en un promedio unas previsiones un poco más precisas que las que proporcionan los saldos de opinión, aunque suelan converger. Estos estudios muestran que tenemos aquí un eje de investigación fructuoso. [ger] Erweiterte Analyse der Antworten auf die Konjunkturerhebungen . . Ziel der Konjunkturerhebungen ist es, rascher und leichter Aufschlüsse über die jüngsten und voraussichtlichen Entwicklungen der Wirtschaftstätigkeit zu erhalten. Auf die meisten gestellten Fragen können drei qualitative Antworten abgegeben werden (Qualifizierung einer Entwicklung: steigend / stabil / abnehmend). Die qualitativen Indikatoren, die diese Erhebungen liefern, werden in Form von Meinungssalden synthetisiert, die die Differenz zwischen dem Prozentsatz der Antworten «Tendenz steigend» und dem Prozentsatz der Antworten «Tendenz abnehmend» darstellen. Solche Indikatoren ermöglichen aber nur dann eine wirkliche Zusammenfassung der Antworten, wenn die Prozentsätze der Antworten «stabil» in etwa konstant sind. Ein anderer Ansatz besteht darin, die Antworten auf die Konjunkturerhebungen zu einem Indikator zu synthetisieren, der im Gegensatz zum Meinungssaldo den Prozentsatz der Antworten «stabil» berücksichtigt. Erstellt wird dieser Indikator auf der Grundlage einer Analyse mit Hauptkomponenten, die eine lineare Kombination der drei Prozentsätze, die am meisten Aufschluss über die Variabilität zwischen den sukzessiven Erhebungen gibt, liefert. Die beiden «Zusammenfassungen» der Antworten, die bei bestimmten Fragen einander sehr ähneln, weichen bei anderen Fragen erheblich voneinander ab und können gegebenenfalls zu unterschiedlichen Konjunkturanalysen führen. Eine Anwendung auf die Prognose des vierteljährlichen Wachstums im verarbeitenden Gewerbe, bei der die zum Zeitpunkt der Prognose vorliegenden Daten verwendet werden, macht deutlich, dass die bei einer Analyse mit Hauptkomponenten erhaltenen Indikatoren im Schnitt Prognosen liefern, die etwas präziser sind als diejenigen, die anhand der Meinungssalden gewonnen werden, sich im Allgemeinen aber auch decken. Diese Arbeiten zeigen, dass dies ein nützlicher Forschungsansatz darstellen kann. [eng] An Enhanced Reading of Answers to the Business Cycle Surveys . . The purpose of the business cycle surveys is to understand as quickly and easily as possible recent and probable economic activity developments. Most of the questions asked generate one of three qualitative answers (calling a trend upward, stable or downward). The qualitative indicators provided by these surveys are summarised in the form of balances of opinion, which represent the difference between the percentage of •upward” answers and the percentage of •downward” answers. Yet such indicators only really summarise the answers if the percentages of •stable” answers are relatively constant. Another approach is to summarise the answers to the business cycle surveys in an indicator that, unlike the balance of opinion, takes account of the percentage of •stable” answers. This indicator is constructed using a principal component analysis (PCA), which shows the linear combination of the three percentages that captures the most variability between the successive surveys. Although the two •summaries” of the answers are very similar for certain questions, they differ considerably for other questions and could result in different economic analyses. An application to the forecast of quarterly growth in manufacturing production, using the data available at the time of forecasting, shows that the indicators constructed by a PCA provide slightly more accurate forecasts on average than those provided by the balances of opinion, even though they generally concur. This work shows this to be a productive line of research.

Suggested Citation

  • François Hild, 2002. "Une lecture enrichie des réponses aux enquêtes de conjoncture," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 359(1), pages 13-33.
  • Handle: RePEc:prs:ecstat:estat_0336-1454_2002_num_359_1_7359
    DOI: 10.3406/estat.2002.7359
    Note: DOI:10.3406/estat.2002.7359
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    1. Claude Deniau & Georges Fiori & Alexandre Mathis, 1992. "Sélection du nombre de retards dans un modèle VAR : conséquences éventuelles du choix des critères," Économie et Prévision, Programme National Persée, vol. 106(5), pages 61-69.
    2. Granger, C W J, 1969. "Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-Spectral Methods," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 37(3), pages 424-438, July.
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    1. Annalisa Ferrando & Nicolas Griesshaber & Petra Köhler-Ulbrich & Sébastien Pérez-Duarte & Nadine Schmitt, 2013. "Measuring the opinion of firms on the supply and demand of external financing in the euro area," IFC Bulletins chapters, in: Bank for International Settlements (ed.), Proceedings of the Sixth IFC Conference on "Statistical issues and activities in a changing environment", Basel, 28-29 August 2012., volume 36, pages 283-303, Bank for International Settlements.
    2. James Mitchell & Richard J. Smith & Martin R. Weale, 2005. "Forecasting Manufacturing Output Growth Using Firm‐Level Survey Data," Manchester School, University of Manchester, vol. 73(4), pages 479-499, July.
    3. François Bouton & Hélène Erkel-Rousse, 2002. "Conjonctures sectorielles et prévision à court terme de l'activité : l'apport de l'enquête de conjoncture dans les services," Économie et Statistique, Programme National Persée, vol. 359(1), pages 35-68.

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