IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/plo/pone00/0301122.html

Nexus of green energy, financial inclusion, militarization, and environmental sustainability: A global perspective

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Ramiz Murtaza
  • Fan Hongzhong
  • Radulescu Magdalena
  • Haseeb Javed
  • Sinisi Crenguta Ileana

Abstract

This article investigates the dynamic impact of green energy consumption (GE), financial inclusion (FI), and military spending (MS) on environmental sustainability (ES) by utilizing a sample of 121 countries from 2003 to 2022. The dataset is divided into high-income, upper-middle income and low and lower-middle-income countries. We employed a two-step system GMM approach, which was further robust through panel Quantile and Driscoll-Kraay (D-K) regressions. The findings divulged that green energy resources benefit ES at global and all income levels because of having a significant negative impact of 5.9% on ecological footprints. At the same time, FI and MS significantly enhance ecological footprints by 7% and 6.9%, respectively, proving these factors detrimental to ES. Moreover, conflicts (CON), terrorism (TM), institutional quality (IQ), and socioeconomic conditions (SEC) also have a significantly positive association with global ecological footprints and most of the income level groups. Dissimilarly, financial inclusion and armed conflicts have a non-significant influence on ecological footprints in low-income and high-income countries, respectively. Furthermore, institutional quality enhances ES in upper-middle and low and lower-middle-income countries by negatively affecting ecological footprints. At the same time, terrorism significantly reduces ecological footprints in high-income countries. This research also provides the imperative policy inferences to accomplish various SDGs.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Ramiz Murtaza & Fan Hongzhong & Radulescu Magdalena & Haseeb Javed & Sinisi Crenguta Ileana, 2024. "Nexus of green energy, financial inclusion, militarization, and environmental sustainability: A global perspective," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(5), pages 1-31, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0301122
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301122
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0301122
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0301122&type=printable
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1371/journal.pone.0301122?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dervis Kirikkaleli & Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo, 2021. "Do renewable energy consumption and financial development matter for environmental sustainability? New global evidence," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 29(4), pages 583-594, July.
    2. Korhan K. Gokmenoglu & Nigar Taspinar & Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, 2021. "Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(1), pages 986-997, January.
    3. Sun, Yunpeng & Bao, Qun & Siao-Yun, Wei & Islam, Misbah ul & Razzaq, Asif, 2022. "Renewable energy transition and environmental sustainability through economic complexity in BRICS countries: Fresh insights from novel Method of Moments Quantile regression," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 1165-1176.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Pureheart Ogheneogaga Irikefe & Angelina Seow Voon Yee & Ahmad Danial Zainudin & Jacob Nyambe, 2026. "Financial inclusion and carbon emissions in emerging economies: A systematic review and meta-analysis," SN Business & Economics, Springer, vol. 6(3), pages 1-32, March.
    2. Li, Jianmin & Hania, Alishba & Yahya, Farzan & Hussain, Muhammad & Waqas, Muhammad, 2025. "Fostering sustainable futures through global peace and eco-innovation: A cross-country evidence," Technology in Society, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Zribi, Wissal & Boufateh, Talel & Lahouel, Bechir Ben & Urom, Christian, 2024. "Uncertainty shocks, investor sentiment and environmental performance: Novel evidence from a PVAR approach," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    2. Larisa Gorina & Marina Gordova & Irina Khristoforova & Lyudmila Sundeeva & Wadim Strielkowski, 2023. "Sustainable Education and Digitalization through the Prism of the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(8), pages 1-18, April.
    3. Miao, Yang & Razzaq, Asif & Adebayo, Tomiwa Sunday & Awosusi, Abraham Ayobamiji, 2022. "Do renewable energy consumption and financial globalisation contribute to ecological sustainability in newly industrialized countries?," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 187(C), pages 688-697.
    4. Yuanzhi Xiao & Ruiqi Sun & Ke Gao, 2023. "Unleashing the mechanism between technological and behavioural aspects of green supply chain management: An environmental sustainability agenda," Energy & Environment, , vol. 34(8), pages 2958-2975, December.
    5. Zhang, Jiekuan, 2023. "Emissions trading scheme and energy consumption and output structure: Evidence from China," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 219(P1).
    6. Fang, Shuya & Fang, Wei, 2023. "How fiscal decentralization and trade diversification influence sustainable development: Moderating role of resources dependency," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    7. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo, 2026. "Exploring the effects of ICT, financial institutions and market access on CO2 emissions: insights from time-varying frequency quantile regression analysis," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 12(1), pages 1-24, December.
    8. Ftiti, Zied & Awijen, Haithem & Ben Ameur, Hachmi & Louhichi, Wael, 2025. "Understanding the drivers of energy capacity transitions: New evidence from a dual approach," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 141(C).
    9. Ali Çelik & Metehan Özırmak, 2025. "Understanding the Association Between Bitcoin Mining and Environmental Sustainability in Light of the Sustainable Development Goals Through the DARDL and KRLS Methods," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 33(5), pages 6505-6527, October.
    10. Talan, Amogh & Rao, Amar & Sharma, Gagan Deep & Apostu, Simona-Andreea & Abbas, Shujaat, 2023. "Transition towards clean energy consumption in G7: Can financial sector, ICT and democracy help?," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    11. Yahya, Farzan & Lee, Chien-Chiang, 2023. "Disentangling the asymmetric effect of financialization on the green output gap," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    12. Pongsapak Chindasombatcharoen & Pattanaporn Chatjuthamard & Pornsit Jiraporn & Sirimon Treepongkaruna, 2022. "Achieving sustainable development goals through board size and innovation," Sustainable Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 30(4), pages 664-677, August.
    13. You Xuemin & Rafeah Legino & Pan Xiao & Mohd Fuad Md Arif & Wang Ling, 2024. "Sustainable Production Strategies: Incorporating Internet Celebrity Aspects into Yingjing Black Sand Craft Design," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 8(8), pages 4575-4586, August.
    14. Zhou, Long & Alharthi, Majed & Aziz, Babar & Kok, Shiau Hui & Wasim, Sarah & Dong, Xiaohong, 2024. "Illuminating the contributions of fintech, mineral resources, and foreign direct investment in alleviating environmental issues: An empirical analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    15. Nooshin Karimi Alavijeh & Narges Salehnia, 2024. "Climate change, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and agricultural development in the Middle East and North African countries," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 26(8), pages 21125-21145, August.
    16. Abdul Rehman & Laura Mariana Cismas & Maria Daniela Otil, 2022. "Electrical Energy Dilemma and CO 2 Emission in Pakistan: Decomposing the Positive and Negative Shocks by Using an Asymmetric Technique," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(14), pages 1-16, July.
    17. Anna Misztal & Magdalena Kowalska & Anita Fajczak-Kowalska & Otakar Strunecky, 2021. "Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization in the Context of Macroeconomic Stabilization," Energies, MDPI, vol. 14(16), pages 1-18, August.
    18. Olatunji A. Shobande & Simplice A. Asongu, 2021. "Financial Development, Human Capital Development and Climate Change in East and Southern Africa," Working Papers 21/042, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    19. Ahmad, Mahmood & Ahmed, Zahoor & Khan, Sana Akbar & Alvarado, Rafael, 2023. "Towards environmental sustainability in E−7 countries: Assessing the roles of natural resources, economic growth, country risk, and energy transition," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C).
    20. Filiz Konuk & Emine Kaya & Sema Akpınar & Şule Yıldız, 2024. "The Relationship Between Military Expenditures, Financial Development and Environmental Pollution in G7 Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(1), pages 1087-1102, March.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0301122. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: plosone (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.