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Trends in cigarette consumption across the United States, with projections to 2035

Author

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  • Eric C Leas
  • Dennis R Trinidad
  • John P Pierce
  • Sara B McMenamin
  • Karen Messer

Abstract

Objectives: To make projections of cigarette consumption that incorporate state-specific trends in smoking behaviors, assess the potential for states to reach an ideal target, and identify State-specific targets for cigarette consumption. Methods: We used 70 years (1950–2020) of annual state-specific estimates of per capita cigarette consumption (expressed as packs per capita or “ppc”) from the Tax Burden on Tobacco reports (N = 3550). We summarized trends within each state by linear regression models and the variation in rates across states by the Gini coefficient. Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models were used to make state-specific forecasts of ppc from 2021 through 2035. Results: Since 1980, the average rate of decline in US per capita cigarette consumption was 3.3% per year, but rates of decline varied considerably across US states (SD = 1.1% per year). The Gini coefficient showed growing inequity in cigarette consumption across US states. After reaching its lowest level in 1984 (Gini = 0.09), the Gini coefficient began increasing by 2.8% (95% CI: 2.5%, 3.1%) per year from 1985 to 2020 and is projected to continue to increase by 48.1% (95% PI = 35.3%, 64.2%) from 2020 to 2035 (Gini = 0.35; 95% PI: 0.32, 0.39). Forecasts from ARIMA models suggested that only 12 states have a realistic chance (≥50%) of reaching very low levels of per capita cigarette consumption (≤13 ppc) by 2035, but that all US states have opportunity to make some progress. Conclusion: While ideal targets may be out of reach for most US states within the next decade, every US state has the potential to lower its per capita cigarette consumption, and our identification of more realistic targets may provide a helpful incentive.

Suggested Citation

  • Eric C Leas & Dennis R Trinidad & John P Pierce & Sara B McMenamin & Karen Messer, 2023. "Trends in cigarette consumption across the United States, with projections to 2035," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 18(3), pages 1-15, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0282893
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282893
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hyndman, Rob J. & Khandakar, Yeasmin, 2008. "Automatic Time Series Forecasting: The forecast Package for R," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 27(i03).
    2. Hyndman, Rob J. & Koehler, Anne B. & Snyder, Ralph D. & Grose, Simone, 2002. "A state space framework for automatic forecasting using exponential smoothing methods," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 439-454.
    3. Kilgore, E.A. & Mandel-Ricci, J. & Johns, M. & Coady, M.H. & Perl, S.B. & Goodman, A. & Kansagra, S.M., 2014. "Making it harder to smoke and easier to quit: The effect of 10 years of tobacco control in New York city," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 104(6), pages 5-8.
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