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Psychosocial Factors of Antenatal Anxiety and Depression in Pakistan: Is Social Support a Mediator?

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  • Ahmed Waqas
  • Nahal Raza
  • Haneen Wajid Lodhi
  • Zerwah Muhammad
  • Mehak Jamal
  • Abdul Rehman

Abstract

Introduction: Pregnancy is generally viewed as a time of fulfillment and joy; however, for many women it can be a stressful event. In South Asia it is associated with cultural stigmas revolving around gender discrimination, abnormal births and genetic abnormalities. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was done at four teaching hospitals in Lahore from February, 2014 to June, 2014. A total of 500 pregnant women seen at hospital obstetrics and gynecology departments were interviewed with a questionnaire consisting of three sections: demographics, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Social Provisions Scale (SPS). Pearson’s chi-squared test, bivariate correlations and multiple linear regression were used to analyze associations between the independent variables and scores on the HADS and SPS. Results: Mean age among the 500 respondents was 27.41 years (5.65). Anxiety levels in participants were categorized as normal (145 women, 29%), borderline (110, 22%) or anxious (245, 49%). Depression levels were categorized as normal (218 women, 43.6%), borderline (123, 24.6%) or depressed (159, 31.8%). Inferential analysis revealed that higher HADS scores were significantly associated with lower scores on the SPS, rural background, history of harassment, abortion, cesarean delivery and unplanned pregnancies (P

Suggested Citation

  • Ahmed Waqas & Nahal Raza & Haneen Wajid Lodhi & Zerwah Muhammad & Mehak Jamal & Abdul Rehman, 2015. "Psychosocial Factors of Antenatal Anxiety and Depression in Pakistan: Is Social Support a Mediator?," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 10(1), pages 1-14, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:plo:pone00:0116510
    DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116510
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kazi, Ambreen & Fatmi, Zafar & Hatcher, Juanita & Kadir, Muhammad Masood & Niaz, Unaiza & Wasserman, Gail A., 2006. "Social environment and depression among pregnant women in urban areas of Pakistan: Importance of social relations," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 63(6), pages 1466-1476, September.
    2. Kana Fuse, 2010. "Variations in attitudinal gender preferences for children across 50 less-developed countries," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 23(36), pages 1031-1048.
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    1. Younas, Ahtisham & Zeb, Hussan & Durante, Angela & Vellone, Ercole, 2024. "Sex based differences in depression, anxiety, and quality of life and predictors of quality of life among South Asian individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A Bayesian analysis," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 351(C).
    2. Sathyanarayanan Doraiswamy & Anupama Jithesh & Sonia Chaabane & Amit Abraham & Karima Chaabna & Sohaila Cheema, 2020. "Perinatal Mental Illness in the Middle East and North Africa Region—A Systematic Overview," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-20, July.
    3. Ahmed Waqas & Abid Malik & Najia Atif & Anum Nisar & Huma Nazir & Siham Sikander & Atif Rahman, 2021. "Scalable Screening and Treatment Response Monitoring for Perinatal Depression in Low- and Middle-Income Countries," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(13), pages 1-12, June.
    4. Abel Fekadu Dadi & Emma R Miller & Lillian Mwanri, 2020. "Antenatal depression and its association with adverse birth outcomes in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 15(1), pages 1-23, January.
    5. Asiya K Kazi & Armaan A Rowther & Najia Atif & Huma Nazir & Maria Atiq & Shaffaq Zulfiqar & Abid Malik & Pamela J Surkan, 2021. "Intersections between patient-provider communication and antenatal anxiety in a public healthcare setting in Pakistan," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 16(2), pages 1-23, February.
    6. Mahreen Tahir Chowdhry & Elizabeth Lauren Hentschel & Heather B. Tomlinson & Amna Ansari & Amer Hasan & Yousafzai,Aisha & Naveed Hussain, 2024. "Maternal Mental Health and Its Influence on Children’s Early Development : Evidence from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10975, The World Bank.
    7. Armaan A Rowther & Asiya K Kazi & Huma Nazir & Maria Atiq & Najia Atif & Nida Rauf & Abid Malik & Pamela J Surkan, 2020. "“A Woman Is a Puppet.” Women’s Disempowerment and Prenatal Anxiety in Pakistan: A Qualitative Study of Sources, Mitigators, and Coping Strategies for Anxiety in Pregnancy," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(14), pages 1-19, July.

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