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Ten Years of REDD+: A Critical Review of the Impact of REDD+ on Forest-Dependent Communities

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  • Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak

    (School of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China)

  • Lawal Mohammed Marafa

    (Department of Geography and Resource Management, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China)

Abstract

The Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation program, or REDD+, has been the international community’s first real attempt to create a global forest governance system which would impact countries on national, regional and even local scales. This paper provides an in-depth analysis on the impact of REDD+ on forest-dependent communities. The dimensions which are included in this review are institutions and governance, livelihoods, socio-cultural aspects, and the environment. Many studies confirm that forest-dependent communities are not sufficiently involved in current REDD+ projects. Furthermore, current and potential impacts of REDD+ on communities often disrupt local peoples’ livelihoods and strategies, institutions and socio-cultural systems in various ways, such as unequal benefit sharing, food insecurity, introduction of new powerful stakeholders, illegal land acquisition, unfair free prior and informed consent, and the introduction of monoculture plantations. REDD+ is also perceived as a neoliberal mechanism which renegotiates peoples’ relationship with the natural environment by monetizing nature. The paper concludes with a framework which addresses the potential drivers and threats of REDD+ concerning forest-dependent communities based on the literature review. This framework suggests a holistic approach to REDD+ implementation, which incorporates forest-dependent communities’ often complex relationship with the natural environment, such as incorporation of traditional forest management systems and provision of viable alternatives to loss of agricultural land.

Suggested Citation

  • Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak & Lawal Mohammed Marafa, 2016. "Ten Years of REDD+: A Critical Review of the Impact of REDD+ on Forest-Dependent Communities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 8(7), pages 1-22, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:8:y:2016:i:7:p:620-:d:73272
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    2. Shinbrot, Xoco A. & Holmes, Ignacia & Gauthier, Madeleine & Tschakert, Petra & Wilkins, Zoë & Baragón, Lydia & Opúa, Berta & Potvin, Catherine, 2022. "Natural and financial impacts of payments for forest carbon offset: A 14 year-long case study in an indigenous community in Panama," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 115(C).
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    4. Satyal, Poshendra & Corbera, Esteve & Dawson, Neil & Dhungana, Hari & Maskey, Gyanu, 2020. "Justice-related impacts and social differentiation dynamics in Nepal's REDD+ projects," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 117(C).
    5. Skutsch, Margaret & Turnhout, Esther, 2020. "REDD+: If communities are the solution, what is the problem?," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 130(C).
    6. Ayami Kan & Maria Brockhaus & Gordon John & Helena Varkkey & Grace Y. Wong, 2024. "Fatal attraction to win–win-win? Debates and contestations in the media on Nature Conservation Agreement in Sabah, Malaysia," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 29(8), pages 1-22, December.
    7. Sapkota, Lok Mani & Jihadah, Lina & Sato, Mayumi & Greijmans, Martin & Wiset, Kanchana & Aektasaeng, Ngamnet & Daisai, Atcharaporn & Gritten, David, 2021. "Translating global commitments into action for successful forest landscape restoration: Lessons from Ing watershed in northern Thailand," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    8. Tracey Osborne & Sylvia Cifuentes & Laura Dev & Seánna Howard & Elisa Marchi & Lauren Withey & Marcelo Santos Rocha da Silva, 2024. "Climate justice, forests, and Indigenous Peoples: toward an alternative to REDD + for the Amazon," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 177(8), pages 1-28, August.
    9. Saeed, Abdul-Razak & McDermott, Constance & Boyd, Emily, 2018. "Examining equity in Ghana's national REDD+ process," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 90(C), pages 48-58.
    10. Zambrano-Cortés, Darío Gerardo & Behagel, Jelle Hendrik, 2023. "The political rationalities of governing deforestation in Colombia," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 154(C).
    11. Laura Aileen Sauls, 2020. "Becoming fundable? Converting climate justice claims into climate finance in Mesoamerica’s forests," Climatic Change, Springer, vol. 161(2), pages 307-325, July.
    12. Wells, Geoff & Fisher, Janet A. & Porras, Ina & Staddon, Sam & Ryan, Casey, 2017. "Rethinking Monitoring in Smallholder Carbon Payments for Ecosystem Service Schemes: Devolve Monitoring, Understand Accuracy and Identify Co-benefits," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 139(C), pages 115-127.
    13. Brendan Mackey & Cyril F. Kormos & Heather Keith & William R. Moomaw & Richard A. Houghton & Russell A. Mittermeier & David Hole & Sonia Hugh, 2020. "Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 763-787, May.
    14. Shannon Johnson, 2021. "Discourse and Practice of REDD+ in Ghana and the Expansion of State Power," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(20), pages 1-21, October.
    15. Yvonne Hargita & Lukas Giessen & Sven Günter, 2020. "Similarities and Differences between International REDD+ and Transnational Deforestation-Free Supply Chain Initiatives—A Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(3), pages 1-33, January.
    16. Sara Balestri & Raul Caruso, 2021. "Vulnerability to climate change and communal conflicts: uncovering pathways," DISEIS - Quaderni del Dipartimento di Economia internazionale, delle istituzioni e dello sviluppo dis2103, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Dipartimento di Economia internazionale, delle istituzioni e dello sviluppo (DISEIS).
    17. Soukphavanh Sawathvong & Kimihiko Hyakumura, 2024. "A Comparison of the Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) Guidelines and the “Implementation of Governance, Forest Landscapes, and Livelihoods” Project in Lao PDR: The FPIC Team Composition and the," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, March.
    18. Guifang Liu & Jie Li & Liang Ren & Heli Lu & Jingcao Wang & Yaxing Zhang & Cheng Zhang & Chuanrong Zhang, 2022. "Identification of Socio-Economic Impacts as the Main Drivers of Carbon Stocks in China’s Tropical Rainforests: Implications for REDD+," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-20, November.
    19. Dirk-Jan Koch & Marloes Verholt, 2020. "Limits to learning: the struggle to adapt to unintended effects of international payment for environmental services programmes," International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, Springer, vol. 20(3), pages 507-539, September.
    20. Neil M. Dawson & Michael Mason & Janet A. Fisher & David Mujasi Mwayafu & Hari Dhungana & Heike Schroeder & Mark Zeitoun, 2018. "Norm Entrepreneurs Sidestep REDD+ in Pursuit of Just and Sustainable Forest Governance," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-19, May.
    21. Frederick Livingston, 2022. "Planting trees as a bridge between material and spiritual responses to environmental crisis," Agriculture and Human Values, Springer;The Agriculture, Food, & Human Values Society (AFHVS), vol. 39(1), pages 487-495, March.
    22. Mucahid Mustafa Bayrak & Lawal Mohammed Marafa, 2017. "Livelihood Implications and Perceptions of Large Scale Investment in Natural Resources for Conservation and Carbon Sequestration: Empirical Evidence from REDD+ in Vietnam," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 9(10), pages 1-23, October.
    23. Ying Chen & An Li, 2021. "Global Green New Deal: A Global South perspective," The Economic and Labour Relations Review, , vol. 32(2), pages 170-189, June.
    24. Brendan Mackey & Cyril F. Kormos & Heather Keith & William R. Moomaw & Richard A. Houghton & Russell A. Mittermeier & David Hole & Sonia Hugh, 0. "Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy," Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Springer, vol. 25(5), pages 763-787.

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