The Control of Nitrogen in Farmlands for Sustainability in Agriculture

The accelerated growth of the global population and rising food demand place increasing pressure on agricultural systems. While fertilizers have improved crop yields, they have also contributed to environmental degradation due to nutrient overuse, particularly nitrogen. Effective nitrogen management is therefore critical for achieving sustainable agricultural practices. This study investigates nitrogen dynamics in soil and reviews key analytical methods for monitoring total, mineral, and organic nitrogen. It evaluates protocols and technologies—including sensor-based systems—designed to optimize nitrogen application and reduce losses. The study demonstrates that the application of nitrogen fertilizers based on soil analysis and exploratory simulations, supported by Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), can reduce inputs without compromising yield or quality parameters. Enhanced nitrogen monitoring techniques can significantly contribute to the goals of the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) and promote sustainable farming, especially in regions facing environmental and technical limitations. Adoption, however, depends on overcoming challenges such as sensor affordability and farmer training. In conclusion, it emphasizes the crucial role of nitrogen management in maintaining soil health, optimizing crop yields, and minimizing environmental impact, ensuring that farming practices remain both productive and sustainable for future generations.