IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v17y2025i10p4282-d1651782.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

The Dynamics of Concrete Recycling in Circular Construction: A System-Dynamics Approach in Sydney, Australia

Author

Listed:
  • Ze Wang

    (Institute of Transport and Logistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Michael G. H. Bell

    (Institute of Transport and Logistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Jyotirmoyee Bhattacharjya

    (Institute of Transport and Logistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia)

  • Glenn Geers

    (Institute of Transport and Logistics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia)

Abstract

Concrete demolition waste represents a critical bottleneck in achieving a circular economy for the construction sector. This study develops a system-dynamics model that couples material flows with economic and logistical feedback to quantify how cost structures affect concrete recycling in the Sydney (Australia) metropolitan area. The model is calibrated with (i) official New South Wales 2020–2021 construction-and-demolition waste statistics, (ii) concrete consumption data scaled from state infrastructure reports, and (iii) parameters elicited from structured interviews with recycling contractors and plant operators. Scenario analysis systematically varies recycling-plant fees, landfill levies, and transport costs to trace their nonlinear impacts on three core performance metrics: recycling rate, cumulative landfill mass, and virgin gravel extraction. Results reveal distinct cost tipping points: a 10% rise in landfill-logistics costs or a 25% drop in recycling logistics costs shifts more than 95% of concrete waste into the recycling stream, cutting landfill volumes by up to 47% and reducing virgin aggregate demand by 5%. Conversely, easing landfill costs by 25% reverses these gains, driving landfill dependency above 99% and increasing gravel extraction by 39%. These findings demonstrate that carefully calibrated economic levers can override logistical inefficiencies and accelerate circular construction outcomes. The system-dynamics framework offers policymakers and industry stakeholders a decision-support tool for setting landfill levies, recycling subsidies, and infrastructure investments that jointly minimize waste and conserve natural resources.

Suggested Citation

  • Ze Wang & Michael G. H. Bell & Jyotirmoyee Bhattacharjya & Glenn Geers, 2025. "The Dynamics of Concrete Recycling in Circular Construction: A System-Dynamics Approach in Sydney, Australia," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(10), pages 1-19, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:10:p:4282-:d:1651782
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/10/4282/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/10/4282/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Avi Friedman, 2025. "Housing Design for Circular Economy and Sustainability," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-19, March.
    2. Yunpeng Zhao & Dimitrios Goulias & Luca Tefa & Marco Bassani, 2021. "Life Cycle Economic and Environmental Impacts of CDW Recycled Aggregates in Roadway Construction and Rehabilitation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(15), pages 1-17, August.
    3. Alan Murray & Keith Skene & Kathryn Haynes, 2017. "The Circular Economy: An Interdisciplinary Exploration of the Concept and Application in a Global Context," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 140(3), pages 369-380, February.
    4. Kirchherr, Julian & Reike, Denise & Hekkert, Marko, 2017. "Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions," Resources, Conservation & Recycling, Elsevier, vol. 127(C), pages 221-232.
    5. Nkechi McNeil-Ayuk & Ahmad Jrade, 2025. "Integrating Building Information Modeling and Life Cycle Assessment to Enhance the Decisions Related to Selecting Construction Methods at the Conceptual Design Stage of Buildings," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-28, March.
    6. Luthra, Sunil & Mangla, Sachin Kumar & Sarkis, Joseph & Tseng, Ming-Lang, 2022. "Resources melioration and the circular economy: Sustainability potentials for mineral, mining and extraction sector in emerging economies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    7. Jiawei Wu & Xunrong Ye & Huachun Cui, 2025. "Recycled Materials in Construction: Trends, Status, and Future of Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-38, March.
    8. Natalia Gasik-Kowalska & Artur Koper, 2025. "Green Concrete Production Technology with the Addition of Recycled Ceramic Aggregate," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(7), pages 1-13, March.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Tina Wiegand & Martin Wynn, 2023. "Sustainability, the Circular Economy and Digitalisation in the German Textile and Clothing Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-30, June.
    2. German Arana‐Landin & Waleska Sigüenza & Beñat Landeta‐Manzano & Iker Laskurain‐Iturbe, 2024. "Circular economy: On the road to ISO 59000 family of standards," Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 31(3), pages 1977-2009, May.
    3. Risa Arai & Martin Calisto Friant & Walter J. V. Vermeulen, 2024. "The Japanese Circular Economy and Sound Material-Cycle Society Policies: Discourse and Policy Analysis," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 4(1), pages 619-650, March.
    4. Pedro Antonio Martín-Cervantes & Parisa Ziarati & Pablo de Frutos Madrazo & Iza Gigauri, 2025. "Digital Marketing as a Driver of Change Towards the Circular Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-24, June.
    5. Magdalena Rusch & Josef‐Peter Schöggl & Rupert J. Baumgartner, 2023. "Application of digital technologies for sustainable product management in a circular economy: A review," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(3), pages 1159-1174, March.
    6. Leslier Valenzuela-Fernández & Manuel Escobar-Farfán, 2022. "Zero-Waste Management and Sustainable Consumption: A Comprehensive Bibliometric Mapping Analysis," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-24, December.
    7. Ilaha Abasli & Farhad Mukhtarov, 2025. "Old Habits Die Hard: How Narratives on Social Aspects of Circular Economy (Re)Produce Global Inequalities," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 5(2), pages 1219-1244, April.
    8. Ahmad, Farhan & Bask, Anu & Laari, Sini & Robinson, Craig V., 2023. "Business management perspectives on the circular economy: Present state and future directions," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 187(C).
    9. Sophia Barquete & Ana Hiromi Shimozono & Adriana Hofmann Trevisan & Camila Gonçalves Castro & Leonardo Augusto de Vasconcelos Gomes & Janaina Mascarenhas, 2022. "Exploring the Dynamic of a Circular Ecosystem: A Case Study about Drivers and Barriers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-22, June.
    10. Mariana Oliveira & Mécia Miguel & Sven Kevin Langen & Amos Ncube & Amalia Zucaro & Gabriella Fiorentino & Renato Passaro & Remo Santagata & Nick Coleman & Benjamin H. Lowe & Sergio Ulgiati & Andrea Ge, 2021. "Circular Economy and the Transition to a Sustainable Society: Integrated Assessment Methods for a New Paradigm," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 1(1), pages 99-113, June.
    11. Cristina Sousa Rocha & Paula Antunes & Paulo Partidário, 2023. "Design for Circular Economy in a Strong Sustainability Paradigm," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(24), pages 1-30, December.
    12. Concepción Garcés-Ayerbe & Pilar Rivera-Torres & Inés Suárez-Perales & Dante I. Leyva-de la Hiz, 2019. "Is It Possible to Change from a Linear to a Circular Economy? An Overview of Opportunities and Barriers for European Small and Medium-Sized Enterprise Companies," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(5), pages 1-15, March.
    13. Chembessi Chedrak & Gohoungodji Paulin & Juste Rajaonson, 2023. "“A fine wine, better with age”: Circular economy historical roots and influential publications: A bibliometric analysis using Reference Publication Year Spectroscopy (RPYS)," Journal of Industrial Ecology, Yale University, vol. 27(6), pages 1593-1612, December.
    14. Yasanur Kayikci & Yigit Kazancoglu & Nazlican Gozacan‐Chase & Cisem Lafci, 2022. "Analyzing the drivers of smart sustainable circular supply chain for sustainable development goals through stakeholder theory," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(7), pages 3335-3353, November.
    15. Andreea Loredana Bîrgovan & Elena Simina Lakatos & Andrea Szilagyi & Lucian Ionel Cioca & Roxana Lavinia Pacurariu & George Ciobanu & Elena Cristina Rada, 2022. "How Should We Measure? A Review of Circular Cities Indicators," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(9), pages 1-16, April.
    16. Farrukh, Amna & Mathrani, Sanjay & Sajjad, Aymen, 2023. "Green-lean-six sigma practices and supporting factors for transitioning towards circular economy: A natural resource and intellectual capital-based view," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 84(C).
    17. Gilbert Silvius & Aydan Ismayilova & Vicente Sales-Vivó & Micol Costi, 2021. "Exploring Barriers for Circularity in the EU Furniture Industry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(19), pages 1-25, October.
    18. Gabi Försterling & Ronald Orth & Benjamin Gellert, 2023. "Transition to a Circular Economy in Europe through New Business Models: Barriers, Drivers, and Policy Making," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-40, May.
    19. Georgios Lanaras-Mamounis & Anastasios Kipritsis & Thomas A. Tsalis & Konstantinos Ι. Vatalis & Ioannis E. Nikolaou, 2022. "A Framework for Assessing the Contribution of Firms to Circular Economy: a Triple-Level Approach," Circular Economy and Sustainability, Springer, vol. 2(3), pages 883-902, September.
    20. Frank Figge & Andrea Stevenson Thorpe & Siarhei Manzhynski & Melissa Gutberlet, 2022. "The us in reUSe. Theorizing the how and why of the circular economy," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(6), pages 2741-2753, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:17:y:2025:i:10:p:4282-:d:1651782. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.