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Optimization of the Water–Energy–Carbon Nexus in the Residential Water Uses of Shanghai, China

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  • Jianyu Zhou

    (Zhejiang University—University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China)

  • Tingju Zhu

    (Zhejiang University—University of Illinois Urbana Champaign Institute, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining 314400, China)

Abstract

Residential water use in urban areas directly affects household energy consumption and associated carbon emissions. Reducing residential water use through water saving can lead to substantial energy saving and lower carbon emissions. Household choices in water appliances and fixtures and water-use behaviors shape water consumption patterns. This paper presents a study in Shanghai, China, where the water consumption structure of households was analyzed through a comprehensive survey. In addition, a season-differentiated water–energy–carbon nexus optimization model with Monte Carlo simulation was built to minimize the costs associated with water and energy usage while maximizing carbon emission reduction. The survey data revealed Shanghai’s water demand structure, thereby highlighting the water-use influence in the city on urban household energy consumption and carbon emissions, which are affected by seasonal temperature variations. The results provide useful insights into the intricate relationships among water use, energy consumption, and carbon emissions at the scale of urban households.

Suggested Citation

  • Jianyu Zhou & Tingju Zhu, 2024. "Optimization of the Water–Energy–Carbon Nexus in the Residential Water Uses of Shanghai, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(9), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2024:i:9:p:3529-:d:1381187
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chen, Shaoqing & Chen, Bin, 2016. "Urban energy–water nexus: A network perspective," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 184(C), pages 905-914.
    2. Meng, Fanxin & Liu, Gengyuan & Liang, Sai & Su, Meirong & Yang, Zhifeng, 2019. "Critical review of the energy-water-carbon nexus in cities," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 171(C), pages 1017-1032.
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