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Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Terminal Lakes in the Hexi Interior, China

Author

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  • Qin Ma

    (College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Lanzhou 730070, China)

  • Xiaojun Yao

    (College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Academician’s Studio of Gansu Dayu Jiuzhou Space Information Technology Company Limited, Lanzhou 730050, China)

  • Cong Zhang

    (College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Lanzhou 730070, China)

  • Chen Yang

    (College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Lanzhou 730070, China)

  • Kang Yang

    (College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Lanzhou 730070, China)

  • Zhijuan Tian

    (College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Lanzhou 730070, China)

  • Jiawei Li

    (College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
    Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Lanzhou 730070, China)

Abstract

The evolution of a terminal lake at the end of a river not only reflects the climate change characteristics within the basin but also the impact of regional human activities, especially in arid areas. In the Hexi Interior of China, three terminal lakes (e.g., Halaqi Lake, East Juyanhai Lake, and Qingtu Lake) situated in the Shule River, Heihe River and Shiyang River, respectively, have been increasingly studied to support regional ecological protection and sustainable oasis development. In this study, Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI and Sentinel-2 MSI imagery were used to examine Halaqi Lake spanning from 2017 to 2022, East Juyanhai Lake from 1990 to 2022, and Qingtu Lake from 2009 to 2022. The focus of this investigation was to characterize changes in lake area and the impact of climate change and human activities. The results revealed a dramatic change in Halaqi Lake, which suddenly emerged in 2017, initially covering an area of 13.49 km 2 , gradually vanishing nearly in 2021, and reappearing in 2022 with a reduced area of 9.53 km 2 . The area of East Juyanhai Lake was 54.39 km 2 in 1990 but reduced to 40.84 km 2 by 2022. Throughout this period, it encountered episodes of drying up in 1992, 1995, 2001, and 2002. Qingtu Lake emerged in 2009, with an area of 0.09 km 2 , and subsequently expanded to 2.60 km 2 by 2022. Climate change and human activities collectively influence the area fluctuations of these three terminal lakes. Among these factors, temperature changes have a greater impact on the lake area in East Juyanhai. Global warming has worsened glacier melting in the Qilian Mountains, resulting in increased inflow in certain years and substantial lake area expansion. Human activities are the primary drivers of changes in Halaqi Lake and Qingtu Lake. Industrial water consumption is the key factor influencing area changes in Halaqi Lake, whereas water usage in forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries plays a dominant role in the area changes of Qingtu Lake. Furthermore, the introduction of ecological water conveyance projects has had an indispensable effect on rejuvenating and preserving the watershed areas of these three terminal lakes. It is important to emphasize that human-driven water resource management is the primary cause of sudden changes in the lake areas.

Suggested Citation

  • Qin Ma & Xiaojun Yao & Cong Zhang & Chen Yang & Kang Yang & Zhijuan Tian & Jiawei Li, 2023. "Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Terminal Lakes in the Hexi Interior, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-18, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:16:y:2023:i:1:p:211-:d:1307725
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Xunzhou Chunyu & Feng Huang & Ziqiang Xia & Danrong Zhang & Xi Chen & Yongyu Xie, 2019. "Assessing the Ecological Effects of Water Transport to a Lake in Arid Regions: A Case Study of Qingtu Lake in Shiyang River Basin, Northwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(1), pages 1-14, January.
    2. Bao, Chao & Fang, Chuang-lin, 2007. "Water resources constraint force on urbanization in water deficient regions: A case study of the Hexi Corridor, arid area of NW China," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 62(3-4), pages 508-517, May.
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    4. Ali Torabi Haghighi & Nasim Fazel & Ali Akbar Hekmatzadeh & Björn Klöve, 2018. "Analysis of Effective Environmental Flow Release Strategies for Lake Urmia Restoration," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 32(11), pages 3595-3609, September.
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