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Investigation of Irrigation Water Requirement and Evapotranspiration for Water Resource Management in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Sajjad Hussain

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Mubeen

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan)

  • Wajid Nasim

    (Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan)

  • Shah Fahad

    (Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan)

  • Musaddiq Ali

    (Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari 61100, Pakistan)

  • Muhammad Azhar Ehsan

    (International Research Institute for Climate and Society, Earth Institute at Columbia University, Palisades, New York, NY 10964, USA)

  • Ali Raza

    (School of Agriculture Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

Abstract

Water scarcity and water quality degradation are exacerbated by climate change in all countries, including Pakistan. The use of water in agriculture is one of the most predominant resources, so reducing consumption and improving resource management is of utmost importance. In the past few decades, excessive irrigation has led to severe water scarcity and reduced water quality. This study determined the irrigation requirements for cotton, rice, and wheat, using the CROPWAT model in Southern Punjab (Multan District). In the study area, evapotranspiration ranged from 1.8 to 10.24 mm/day, while effective rainfall ranged from 2 to 31.3 mm. Rice, cotton, and wheat each required 996.4, 623.3, and 209.5 mm of irrigation, respectively. Among rice, cotton, and wheat, the total net irrigation was 72.4, 67.8, and 44.1 mm, respectively, while the total gross irrigation was 103.5, 99.8, and 63 mm. The CROPWAT model showed a moderately useful result for identifying irrigation needs in Southern Punjab. The study emphasizes the need for groundwater harvesting and water management technologies to implement a water management system that reduces water shortages.

Suggested Citation

  • Sajjad Hussain & Muhammad Mubeen & Wajid Nasim & Shah Fahad & Musaddiq Ali & Muhammad Azhar Ehsan & Ali Raza, 2023. "Investigation of Irrigation Water Requirement and Evapotranspiration for Water Resource Management in Southern Punjab, Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-16, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:15:y:2023:i:3:p:1768-:d:1038656
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sajjad Hussain & Linlin Lu & Muhammad Mubeen & Wajid Nasim & Shankar Karuppannan & Shah Fahad & Aqil Tariq & B. G. Mousa & Faisal Mumtaz & Muhammad Aslam, 2022. "Spatiotemporal Variation in Land Use Land Cover in the Response to Local Climate Change Using Multispectral Remote Sensing Data," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(5), pages 1-19, April.
    2. Wahaj, Robina & Maraux, Florent & Munoz, Giovanni, 2007. "Actual crop water use in project countries : a synthesis at the regional level," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4288, The World Bank.
    3. Muhammad Majeed & Aqil Tariq & Muhammad Mushahid Anwar & Arshad Mahmood Khan & Fahim Arshad & Faisal Mumtaz & Muhammad Farhan & Lili Zhang & Aroosa Zafar & Marjan Aziz & Sanaullah Abbasi & Ghani Rahma, 2021. "Monitoring of Land Use–Land Cover Change and Potential Causal Factors of Climate Change in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan, through GIS and Multi-Temporal Satellite Data," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, September.
    4. de Azevedo, Pedro V. & de Souza, Cleber B. & da Silva, Bernardo B. & da Silva, Vicente P.R., 2007. "Water requirements of pineapple crop grown in a tropical environment, Brazil," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 88(1-3), pages 201-208, March.
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