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Development and Experimental Study of Smart Solar Assisted Yogurt Processing Unit for Decentralized Dairy Value Chain

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  • Syed Nabeel Husnain

    (Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany
    Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Waseem Amjad

    (Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Anjum Munir

    (Department of Energy Systems Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan)

  • Oliver Hensel

    (Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Kassel, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany)

Abstract

Yogurt production at the farm level is important for adding value to milk. In this study, a solar-assisted yogurt processing unit capable of performing the three processes of heating, fermentation, and cooling in a single unit was developed. It consisted of a circular chamber surrounded by a coil for heating by a solar vacuum tube collector and a pillow plate for cooling by a solar PV-powered chiller unit. Experiments were performed using 50, 40 and 30 L of raw milk under a constant water circulation rate of 50 L per minute for heating followed by a cooling process under 36, 18 and 6 rpm of stirrer speeds. The heat absorption rates of the milk were 5.48–0.31, 4.75–0.16 and 4.14–0.24 kW, and the heat removal rates from water ranged from 6.28–0.49, 5.58–0.49 and 4.88–0.69 kW for 50, 40 and 30 L of milk volume, respectively. The overall heat transfer efficiency was above 80% during the heating process. A stirring speed of 18 rpm was found to be optimal in terms of cooling speed and consistency of the yogurt. The total energy consumed was calculated to be 6.732, 5.559 and 4.207 kWh for a 50, 40 and 30 L batch capacity, respectively. The study offers a sustainable energy solution for the decentralized processing of raw milk, particularly in remote areas of the developing countries where access to electricity is limited.

Suggested Citation

  • Syed Nabeel Husnain & Waseem Amjad & Anjum Munir & Oliver Hensel, 2022. "Development and Experimental Study of Smart Solar Assisted Yogurt Processing Unit for Decentralized Dairy Value Chain," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-26, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:7:p:4285-:d:786882
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