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Developing a Conceptual Model for the Causal Effects of Outdoor Play in Preschools Using PLS-SEM

Author

Listed:
  • Wong Chin Yew

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia)

  • Sia Mal Kong

    (Faculty of Built Environment, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia)

  • Abd Hair Awang

    (Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, National University of Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia)

  • Goh Rou Yi

    (Faculty of Built Environment, Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Kuala Lumpur 53300, Malaysia)

Abstract

This study attempts to establish the causal effects of outdoor play through a conceptual model consisting of six latent constructs. Seventy Penang preschool operators took part in a questionnaire survey conducted from June to July 2021. All of the 70 respondents agreed that outdoor play is important for children’s development even though only 62 respondents implemented outdoor play yards in their preschools. Raw data from these 62 respondents were used to develop the conceptual model by PLS-SEM. Measurement models were assessed by checking the indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability, convergent validity and discriminant validity. The structural model was assessed by checking the SRMR and NFI. The measurement models are found to be acceptable with AVE > 0.50 for all of the constructs and all of the 34 indicators have loadings > 0.50. However, there are 16 indicators with difference between loadings < 0.10, and the structural model does not have a good fit with SRMR > 0.10 and NFI < 0.90. Lack of discriminant validity could be remedied by removing eight indicators with difference between loadings < 0.10. Model fit could be improved with larger sample size since bootstrapping with 1000 iterations yielded SRMR = 0.098 at 95% for the saturated model. Seven significant paths were found among the six constructs in the final conceptual model.

Suggested Citation

  • Wong Chin Yew & Sia Mal Kong & Abd Hair Awang & Goh Rou Yi, 2022. "Developing a Conceptual Model for the Causal Effects of Outdoor Play in Preschools Using PLS-SEM," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:6:p:3365-:d:770203
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Sarstedt, Marko & Ringle, Christian M. & Smith, Donna & Reams, Russell & Hair, Joseph F., 2014. "Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM): A useful tool for family business researchers," Journal of Family Business Strategy, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 105-115.
    2. repec:mpr:mprres:4373 is not listed on IDEAS
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