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Quintuple Helix Innovation Model for the European Union Defense Industry—An Empirical Research

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  • João Reis

    (Industrial Engineering and Management, Faculty of Engineering, Lusofona University and EIGeS, Campo Grande, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
    Research and Development Center, Instituto Universitário Militar, Rua de Pedrouços, 1449-027 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • David Pascoal Rosado

    (Center for Research, Development, and Innovation (CINAMIL), Academia Militar, Rua Gomes de Freire 203, 1169-203 Lisboa, Portugal
    Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Tecnologia (FCST), Universidade Europeia, Estrada da Correia, 53, 1500-210 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Diogo Freitas Ribeiro

    (Center for Research, Development, and Innovation (CINAMIL), Academia Militar, Rua Gomes de Freire 203, 1169-203 Lisboa, Portugal)

  • Nuno Melão

    (CISeD–Research Centre in Digital Services, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal)

Abstract

The European defense industry is undergoing profound upheavals, and traditional innovation models may no longer be adequate. For this reason, further investigation is needed to know if the triple helix (TH) is suitable for one of the most influential industries in the world. If not suitable, it is necessary to identify which type of n-helices are appropriate. This article follows an embedded case study research strategy that uses several sources of data collection such as interviews with active-duty military personnel, scholars, the defense industry, and interagency professionals. Field notes and official documentation were also collected for corroboration and triangulation purposes. The results showed that the defense industry is increasingly globalized, leaving the national sphere and weakening the action and participation of European Union governments. This research resulted in the design of a quintuple helix innovation model for the defense industry, which was based on a TH combined with technology and the natural environment. We concluded that the traditional TH may not be adequate for the entry of new supranational players and that political contributions are subject to a further response by the European states. Scientific research is also needed, especially in Asian and American countries, which have national defense policies different from those of Europe.

Suggested Citation

  • João Reis & David Pascoal Rosado & Diogo Freitas Ribeiro & Nuno Melão, 2022. "Quintuple Helix Innovation Model for the European Union Defense Industry—An Empirical Research," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(24), pages 1-17, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:24:p:16499-:d:998569
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Chunyan Zhou & Henry Etzkowitz, 2021. "Triple Helix Twins: A Framework for Achieving Innovation and UN Sustainable Development Goals," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Langlois, Jonathan & BenMahmoud-Jouini, Sihem & Servajean-Hilst, Romaric, 2023. "Practicing secrecy in open innovation – The case of a military firm," Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 52(1).
    3. Sharma, Abhijit & Sousa, Cristina & Woodward, Richard, 2022. "Determinants of innovation outcomes: The role of institutional quality," Technovation, Elsevier, vol. 118(C).
    4. Bruno Martinho & João Reis, 2022. "United Nations (UN) Disaster Risk Reduction Framework: Case Study of the Portuguese Army on UN Challenges in the Context of Sustainable Risk Mitigation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-17, February.
    5. João Reis & David Pascoal Rosado & Yuval Cohen & César Pousa & Adriane Cavalieri, 2022. "Green Defense Industries in the European Union: The Case of the Battle Dress Uniform for Circular Economy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-15, October.
    6. Christos Kollias, 2008. "A Preliminary Investigation Of The Burden Sharing Aspects Of A European Union Common Defence Policy," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(4), pages 253-263.
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