IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/gam/jsusta/v14y2022i23p15953-d988514.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pro-Poor Tourism Villages in China

Author

Listed:
  • Lei Zhu

    (College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, China)

  • Jing Hu

    (College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China)

  • Jiahui Xu

    (College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, China)

  • Yannan Li

    (College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, China)

  • Mangmang Liang

    (College of Resources and Environment, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, China)

Abstract

This paper aims to contribute to the effectiveness of pro-poor tourism in rural areas. We use 5770 pro-poor tourism villages in China as the research objects; the spatial distribution characteristics of pro-poor tourism villages in China are analyzed using a combination of disequilibrium index, kernel density analysis, and spatial autocorrelation; their influencing factors are detected using a geographical detector and overlay analysis. The study results show the following: (1) The distribution of pro-poor tourism villages is exceptionally uneven in three zones, eight regions, and inter-provincial levels, forming a high-density cluster belt that includes Hebei, Henan, Anhui, and Hubei, and five high-density cluster cores that include southern Gansu, Sichuan–Gansu–Shaanxi border area; Guizhou, Hunan, and Chongqing border area; southern Sichuan; and southwest Guizhou. (2) Regarding spatial correlations, the pro-poor tourism villages in central and western regions are in hot spots, while those in eastern regions are in cold spots. The hot spots gradually increase, while cold spots gradually decrease, and the clustering trend of the distribution of the pro-poor tourism villages is increasingly apparent. (3) Pro-poor tourism villages are affected by social, economic, industrial, and other human factors as well as natural geographical factors such as terrain, precipitation, river, and climate, among which the industrial factors have a more significant impact. Pro-poor tourism villages are concentrated in humid mountainous areas with an altitude of about 1000 m and an annual precipitation of more than 800 mm, and they are mostly distributed in the subtropical monsoon climate zone closer to the river and more suitable climate. (4) It is suggested that pro-poor tourism villages can be divided into four types: the resource underutilization type, mountain environment restriction type, traffic location non-optimization type, and industrial development lagging type, and the sustainable development strategies of different types of pro-poor tourism villages are proposed.

Suggested Citation

  • Lei Zhu & Jing Hu & Jiahui Xu & Yannan Li & Mangmang Liang, 2022. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Pro-Poor Tourism Villages in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(23), pages 1-20, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:23:p:15953-:d:988514
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/23/15953/pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/14/23/15953/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Laura Carraresi & Stefanie Bröring, 2021. "How does business model redesign foster resilience in emerging circular value chains?," Post-Print hal-03267359, HAL.
    2. Guolei Chen & Jing Luo & Chunyan Zhang & Liang Jiang & Lingling Tian & Guangping Chen, 2018. "Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Spatial Differentiation of Urban Black and Odorous Waters in China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(12), pages 1-17, December.
    3. Francesca Nocca, 2018. "Towards an Integrated Evaluation Approach for Cultural Urban Landscape Conservation/Regeneration," REGION, European Regional Science Association, vol. 5, pages 33-51.
    4. Zhaoqiang Zhong & Benhong Peng & Ehsan Elahi, 2021. "Spatial and temporal pattern evolution and influencing factors of energy–environmental efficiency: A case study of Yangtze River urban agglomeration in China," Energy & Environment, , vol. 32(2), pages 242-261, March.
    5. Zhuang, Lin-Lan & Yu, Dawei & Zhang, Jian & Liu, Fei-fei & Wu, Yin-Hu & Zhang, Tian-Yuan & Dao, Guo-Hua & Hu, Hong-Ying, 2018. "The characteristics and influencing factors of the attached microalgae cultivation: A review," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Elsevier, vol. 94(C), pages 1110-1119.
    6. Zhou, Yang & Guo, Liying & Liu, Yansui, 2019. "Land consolidation boosting poverty alleviation in China: Theory and practice," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 339-348.
    7. Paul Winters & Leonardo Corral & Adela Moreda Mora, 2013. "Assessing the Role of Tourism in Poverty Alleviation: A Research Agenda," Development Policy Review, Overseas Development Institute, vol. 31(2), pages 177-202, March.
    8. Nanping Feng & Fenfen Wei & Kevin H. Zhang & Dongxiao Gu, 2018. "Innovating Rural Tourism Targeting Poverty Alleviation through a Multi-Industries Integration Network: the Case of Zhuanshui Village, Anhui Province, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-18, June.
    9. Martin Ravallion & Shaohua Chen, 2022. "Is that really a Kuznets curve? Turning points for income inequality in China," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 20(4), pages 749-776, December.
    10. Caroline Ashley & Dilys Roe, 2002. "Making tourism work for the poor: Strategies and challenges in southern Africa," Development Southern Africa, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 19(1), pages 61-82.
    11. Uhlenbrook, Stefan & Yu, W. & Schmitter, Petra & Smith, Douglas Mark, 2022. "Optimising the water we eat - rethinking policy to enhance productive and sustainable use of water in agri-food systems across scales," Papers published in Journals (Open Access), International Water Management Institute, pages 6(1):59-65..
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Yu Yan & Zhe Bai & Xian Hu & Yansong Wang, 2025. "How Do Natural Environmental Factors Influence the Spatial Patterns and Site Selection of Famous Mountain Temple Complexes in China? Quantitative Research on Wudang Mountain in the Ming Dynasty," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-24, July.
    2. Qiuyu Zou & Jianwei Sun & Jing Luo & Jiaxing Cui & Xuesong Kong, 2023. "Spatial Patterns of Key Villages and Towns of Rural Tourism in China and Their Influencing Factors," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-16, September.
    3. Tiansong Zhu & Kaiping Yu & Bo Wang, 2023. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Cultural and Tourism Resources in Xihu District of Hangzhou," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(14), pages 1-20, July.
    4. Xiaodong Zhang & Haoying Han & Yongjun Tang & Zhilu Chen, 2023. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Driving Factors of Tourism Resources in China," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(5), pages 1-16, May.
    5. Lei Zhu & Jing Hu & Jiahui Xu & Yannan Li & Tiantian Xie & Mangmang Liang, 2024. "Spatial distribution patterns and factors influencing rural tourism destinations: An empirical study of China’s agritainment resorts," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 19(9), pages 1-29, September.
    6. Pu, Zhengning & Liu, Jingyu & Yang, Mingyan, 2024. "The effect of digital technology on residential and non-residential carbon emission," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    7. Runchun Guo & Yanmei Xu, 2025. "Spatial Differentiation and Driving Mechanisms of Revolutionary Cultural Tourism Resources in Xinjiang," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(21), pages 1-16, October.
    8. Shiying Li & Yuhong Song & Hua Xu & Yijiao Li & Shaokun Zhou, 2023. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Driving Factors for Traditional Villages in Areas of China Based on GWR Modeling and Geodetector: A Case Study of the Awa Mountain Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-19, February.
    9. Xi Yuan & Yijiao Li & Yuhong Song & Hongyi Lu & Yi Wang & Beichen Ge & Jing Wang, 2024. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Driving Factors of 777 Traditional Villages in Yunnan Province: A Study Based on GWR Model and Geodetector," Land, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-29, November.
    10. Guanglei Yang & Lixin Wu & Liang Xie & Zhezheng Liu & Zhe Li, 2023. "Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Traditional Villages in the Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guizhou Rocky Desertification Area," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(20), pages 1-23, October.
    11. Qi Yue & Yang Zhang & Yinchao Liao & Lei Liao & Juntai Yu, 2025. "Does Low-Carbon City Transition Empower Tourism Economy? Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-25, February.
    12. Xinyu Xie & Ying Zhang & Xiaoping Qiu, 2023. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Rural Governance Demonstration Villages in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(5), pages 1-20, March.
    13. Bingqian Li & Jun Wang & Yibing Jin, 2022. "Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Traditional Villages and Influence Factors Thereof in Hilly and Gully Areas of Northern Shaanxi," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(22), pages 1-29, November.
    14. Chuanchuan Yuan & Mu Jiang, 2023. "Migration and Land Exploitation from Yuan to Qing Dynasties: Insights from 252 Traditional Villages in Hunan, China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(2), pages 1-17, January.
    15. Song Xu & Huichen Gao, 2025. "Navigating Research Frontiers in China’s Rural Planning: A Bibliometric Analysis of Sustainable Development," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-23, January.
    16. Xiaogang Feng & Moqing Hu & Sekhar Somenahalli & Xinyuan Bian & Meng Li & Zaihui Zhou & Fengxia Li & Yuan Wang, 2023. "A Study of Spatio-Temporal Differentiation Characteristics and Driving Factors of Shaanxi Province’s Traditional Heritage Villages," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-18, May.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Haretsebe Manwa & Farai Manwa, 2014. "Poverty Alleviation through Pro-Poor Tourism: The Role of Botswana Forest Reserves," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 6(9), pages 1-17, August.
    2. Namhyun Kim & HakJun Song & Ju Hyun Pyun, 2016. "The relationship among tourism, poverty, and economic development in developing countries," Tourism Economics, , vol. 22(6), pages 1174-1190, December.
    3. Xia Wang & Peiru Cai, 2022. "The relationship between tourism development and multidimensional poverty reduction: A decoupling analysis," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 56(4), pages 2501-2518, August.
    4. Zhang, Pengyan & Yang, Dan & Qin, Mingzhou & Jing, Wenlong, 2020. "Spatial heterogeneity analysis and driving forces exploring of built-up land development intensity in Chinese prefecture-level cities and implications for future Urban Land intensive use," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 99(C).
    5. Lü, Da & Gao, Guangyao & Lü, Yihe & Xiao, Feiyan & Fu, Bojie, 2020. "Detailed land use transition quantification matters for smart land management in drylands: An in-depth analysis in Northwest China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    6. Pier-André Bouchard St-Amant & Nicolas Marceau & Jean-Denis Garon, 2024. "Uncovering Gatsby Curves," The Journal of Economic Inequality, Springer;Society for the Study of Economic Inequality, vol. 22(4), pages 833-864, December.
    7. Ayla Amamou & Safa Chabouh & Lilia Sidhom & Alaeddine Zouari & Abdelkader Mami, 2025. "Agri-Food Supply Chain Sustainability Indicators from a Multi-Capital Perspective: A Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(9), pages 1-34, May.
    8. Weiming Tong & Kevin Lo & Pingyu Zhang, 2020. "Land Consolidation in Rural China: Life Satisfaction among Resettlers and Its Determinants," Land, MDPI, vol. 9(4), pages 1-15, April.
    9. Zheng Yuan & Baohua Wen & Cheng He & Jin Zhou & Zhonghua Zhou & Feng Xu, 2022. "Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Analysis to Rural Spatial Sustainability Evaluation: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(11), pages 1-31, May.
    10. Iza Lejárraga & Peter Walkenhorst, 2013. "Economic policy, tourism trade and productive diversification," International Economics, CEPII research center, issue 135-136, pages 1-12.
    11. Sebele, Lesego S., 2010. "Community-based tourism ventures, benefits and challenges: Khama Rhino Sanctuary Trust, Central District, Botswana," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 31(1), pages 136-146.
    12. Tian, Guangjin & Duan, Jinlong & Yang, Lan, 2021. "Spatio-temporal pattern and driving mechanisms of cropland circulation in China," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 100(C).
    13. Lili Zhang & Baoqing Hu & Ze Zhang & Gaodou Liang & Simin Huang, 2023. "Comprehensive Evaluation of Ecological-Economic Value of Guangxi Based on Land Consolidation," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(4), pages 1-25, March.
    14. Zhang, Yuanxia & Halder, Pradipta & Zhang, Xiaoning & Qu, Mei, 2020. "Analyzing the deviation between farmers' Land transfer intention and behavior in China's impoverished mountainous Area: A Logistic-ISM model approach," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 94(C).
    15. Xie, Jinhua & Yang, Gangqiao & Wang, Ge & Song, Yan & Yang, Fan, 2021. "How do different rural-land-consolidation modes shape farmers’ ecological production behaviors?," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    16. Kristina Stoiber & Kurt Matzler & Julia Hautz, 2023. "Ambidextrous structures paving the way for disruptive business models: a conceptual framework," Review of Managerial Science, Springer, vol. 17(4), pages 1439-1485, May.
    17. Jikun Huang & Scott Rozelle & Xinkai Zhu & Shiji Zhao & Yu Sheng, 2020. "Agricultural and rural development in China during the past four decades: an introduction," Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 64(1), pages 1-13, January.
    18. Hou, Xin & Gao, Jianbo, 2025. "Toward Common Prosperity: Measuring decrease in inequality in China prefecture-level cities," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 29-46.
    19. Yin Wang & Dian Min & Wenli Ye & Kongsen Wu & Xinjun Yang, 2023. "The Impact of Rural Location on Farmers’ Livelihood in the Loess Plateau: Local, Urban–Rural, and Interconnected Multi-Spatial Perspective Research," Land, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-18, August.
    20. Wu, Zhilong & Dai, Xuhuan & Li, Bo & Hou, Ying, 2021. "Livelihood consequences of the Grain for Green Programme across regional and household scales: A case study in the Loess Plateau," Land Use Policy, Elsevier, vol. 111(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    ;
    ;
    ;
    ;

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:14:y:2022:i:23:p:15953-:d:988514. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: MDPI Indexing Manager (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://www.mdpi.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.