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Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan

Author

Listed:
  • Muhammad Ali Imran

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)

  • Jinlan Xu

    (School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China)

  • Muhammad Sultan

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Redmond R. Shamshiri

    (Department of Engineering for Crop Production, Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, 14469 Potsdam-Bornim, Germany)

  • Naveed Ahmed

    (Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulations, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China)

  • Qaiser Javed

    (School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China)

  • Hafiz Muhammad Asfahan

    (Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan)

  • Yasir Latif

    (Institute of Computer Sciences, Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague, Czech Republic)

  • Muhammad Usman

    (Institute for Water Resources and Water Supply, Hamburg University of Technology, Am Schwarzenberg-Campus 3, 20173 Hamburg, Germany)

  • Riaz Ahmad

    (College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China)

Abstract

In Pakistan, many subsurface (SS) drainage projects were launched by the Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) to deal with twin problems (waterlogging and salinity). In some cases, sump pumps were installed for the disposal of SS effluent into surface drainage channels. Presently, sump pumps have become dysfunctional due to social and financial constraints. This study evaluates the alternate design of the Paharang drainage system that could permit the discharge of the SS drainage system in the response of gravity. The proposed design was completed after many successive trials in terms of lowering the bed level and decreasing the channel bed slope. Interconnected MS-Excel worksheets were developed to design the L-section and X-section. Design continuity of the drainage system was achieved by ensuring the bed and water levels of the receiving drain were lower than the outfalling drain. The drain cross-section was set within the present row with a few changes on the service roadside. The channel side slope was taken as 1:1.5 and the spoil bank inner and outer slopes were kept as 1:2 for the entire design. The earthwork was calculated in terms of excavation for lowering the bed level and increasing the drain section to place the excavated materials in a specific manner. The study showed that modification in the design of the Paharang drainage system is technically admissible and allows for the continuous discharge of SS drainage effluent from the area.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Ali Imran & Jinlan Xu & Muhammad Sultan & Redmond R. Shamshiri & Naveed Ahmed & Qaiser Javed & Hafiz Muhammad Asfahan & Yasir Latif & Muhammad Usman & Riaz Ahmad, 2021. "Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-13, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:7:p:4080-:d:531149
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Asad Qureshi & Peter McCornick & A. Sarwar & Bharat Sharma, 2010. "Challenges and Prospects of Sustainable Groundwater Management in the Indus Basin, Pakistan," Water Resources Management: An International Journal, Published for the European Water Resources Association (EWRA), Springer;European Water Resources Association (EWRA), vol. 24(8), pages 1551-1569, June.
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