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Towards a Trusted and Unified Consortium-Blockchain-Based Data Sharing Infrastructure for Open Learning—TolFob Architecture and Implementation

Author

Listed:
  • Jun Xiao

    (Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Open Distance Education, Shanghai Open University, Shanghai 200433, China)

  • Yi Jiao

    (Blockchain Technology Institute, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201112, China)

  • Yin Li

    (Blockchain Technology Institute, Shanghai Academy of Science and Technology, Shanghai 201112, China)

  • Zhujun Jiang

    (Department of Educational Technology, College of Education, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China)

Abstract

Open learning is now facing a complex higher education ecosystem that involves a variety of heterogeneous information systems and comprises decentralized stakeholders, such as universities, professors, students, and software vendors. Authentic, non-repudiable, and fast available data sharing among open learning information systems and stakeholders is a key issue that remains unresolved. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a consortium blockchain extended architecture featuring integration and cross-chain functions to provide a unified and trusted data-sharing infrastructure for open learning. The overall architecture consists of three elements: a blockchain-integrated open learning scenario schema; a blockchain-integrated open learning application model; and a pragmatic blockchain integration framework. The proposed blockchain integration framework is implemented based on Hyperledger Fabric 1.4. A trusted open-learning behavior and achievement management application is developed as a proof-of-concept which integrates two educational institutions’ four productional learning systems into a blockchain network and has stably run over six months. A suite of experiments is designed and executed to verify our blockchain system’s viability and scalability. The test result shows the implementation of the blockchain system is competent for the production environment and outperforms related works investigated. However, it does have limitations and optimization potential, which will be studied in the future.

Suggested Citation

  • Jun Xiao & Yi Jiao & Yin Li & Zhujun Jiang, 2021. "Towards a Trusted and Unified Consortium-Blockchain-Based Data Sharing Infrastructure for Open Learning—TolFob Architecture and Implementation," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(24), pages 1-24, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:13:y:2021:i:24:p:14069-:d:706799
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    1. Rocsana Bucea-Manea-Țoniş & Oliva M. D. Martins & Radu Bucea-Manea-Țoniş & Cătălin Gheorghiță & Valentin Kuleto & Milena P. Ilić & Violeta-Elena Simion, 2021. "Blockchain Technology Enhances Sustainable Higher Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-21, November.
    2. Nazir Ullah & Waleed Mugahed Al-Rahmi & Ahmed Ibrahim Alzahrani & Osama Alfarraj & Fahad Mohammed Alblehai, 2021. "Blockchain Technology Adoption in Smart Learning Environments," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-17, February.
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