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Hardiness, Stress and Secondary Trauma in Italian Healthcare and Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Author

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  • Monia Vagni

    (Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61,029 Urbino, Italy)

  • Tiziana Maiorano

    (Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61,029 Urbino, Italy)

  • Valeria Giostra

    (Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61,029 Urbino, Italy)

  • Daniela Pajardi

    (Department of Humanities, University of Urbino, 61,029 Urbino, Italy)

Abstract

Emergency situations such as the COVID-19 pandemic can lead healthcare and emergency workers to undergo severe stress reactions that increase the risk of developing secondary trauma. Hardiness is a protective factor that reduces the likelihood of negative outcomes such as secondary trauma. In this study, we analyzed the responses to physical, emotional, cognitive, organizational‒relational and COVID-19 stress of 140 healthcare and 96 emergency workers. Decision-making difficulties due to high uncertainty and the fear of contracting the virus and infecting others were also considered. We aimed to detect which stressors caused secondary trauma and to assess the protective power of hardiness. Participants completed the questionnaire online measuring stress, secondary trauma and resilience. We performed a t-test, correlational analysis and hierarchical regression. The healthcare workers had higher levels of stress and arousal than the emergency workers group and those involved in the treatment of COVID-19 were exposed to a large degree of stress and were at high risk of developing secondary trauma. Commitment is associated with high levels of stress, arousal and intrusion, while control shows a protective function. Stress and hardiness result in 37% and 17% of the variance of arousal and intrusion, respectively.

Suggested Citation

  • Monia Vagni & Tiziana Maiorano & Valeria Giostra & Daniela Pajardi, 2020. "Hardiness, Stress and Secondary Trauma in Italian Healthcare and Emergency Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-16, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:12:y:2020:i:14:p:5592-:d:383287
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    5. Tiziana Maiorano & Monia Vagni & Valeria Giostra & Daniela Pajardi, 2020. "COVID-19: Risk Factors and Protective Role of Resilience and Coping Strategies for Emergency Stress and Secondary Trauma in Medical Staff and Emergency Workers—An Online-Based Inquiry," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
    6. Misato Uehara & Makoto Fujii & Kazuki Kobayashi, 2021. "A Model of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Pandemic among the General Public in Japanese Major Cities and Rural Areas," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-17, January.
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    9. Monia Vagni & Valeria Giostra & Tiziana Maiorano & Giuliano Santaniello & Daniela Pajardi, 2020. "Personal Accomplishment and Hardiness in Reducing Emergency Stress and Burnout among COVID-19 Emergency Workers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(21), pages 1-18, October.
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    13. Samuel Ken-En Gan & Sibyl Weang-Yi Wong & Peng-De Jiao, 2023. "Religiosity, Theism, Perceived Social Support, Resilience, and Well-Being of University Undergraduate Students in Singapore during the COVID-19 Pandemic," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-16, February.
    14. Misato Uehara & Makoto Fujii & Kazuki Kobayashi & Yasuto Hayashi & Yuki Arai, 2021. "Common Factors of Stress Change under the First COVID-19 Outbreak as Observed in Four Global Cities," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-19, May.
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    16. Tiziana Ramaci & Stefano Pagliaro & Manuel Teresi & Massimiliano Barattucci, 2021. "Job Demands and Negative Outcomes after the Lockdown: The Moderating Role of Stigma towards Italian Supermarket Workers," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-14, July.
    17. Claudia Carmassi & Valerio Dell’Oste & Filippo Maria Barberi & Carlo Antonio Bertelloni & Virginia Pedrinelli & Liliana Dell’Osso, 2022. "Mental Health Symptoms among General Practitioners Facing the Acute Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Detecting Different Reaction Groups," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(7), pages 1-14, March.
    18. Teresa Peiró & Laura Lorente & María Vera, 2020. "The COVID-19 Crisis: Skills That Are Paramount to Build into Nursing Programs for Future Global Health Crisis," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(18), pages 1-14, September.
    19. Beata Dziedzic & Ewa Kobos & Zofia Sienkiewicz & Anna Idzik, 2022. "Mental Health of Nurses during the Fourth Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(3), pages 1-12, February.

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