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Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Using Complementary Experimental Techniques

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  • Nasser M. Hamdan

    (Physics Department, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah 26666, UAE
    Center for Advanced Materials Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE)

  • Hussain Alawadhi

    (Center for Advanced Materials Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE)

  • Najeh Jisrawi

    (Center for Advanced Materials Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE)

  • Mohamed Shameer

    (Center for Advanced Materials Research, Research Institute of Sciences and Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE)

Abstract

Airborne particulate matter (PM) pollutants were sampled from an urban background site in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. The fine fraction (PM 2.5 ) (particulates with aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 μm) was collected on 47-mm Teflon filters and analyzed using a combined set of non-destructive techniques in order to provide better understanding of the sources of pollutants and their interaction during transport in the atmosphere. These techniques included gravimetric analysis, equivalent black carbon (EBC), X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Generally, the PM 2.5 concentrations are within the limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States (US) Environmental Protection Agency. The EBC content is in the range of 10–12% of the total PM concentration (2–4 µg m −3 ), while S (as ammonium sulfate), Ca (as calcite, gypsum, and calcium carbonate), Si (as quartz), Fe, and Al were the major sources of PM pollution. EBC, ammonium sulfate, Zn, V, and Mn originate from anthropogenic sources such as fossil fuel burning, traffic, and industrial emissions. Natural elements such as Ca, Fe, Al, Si, and Ti are due to natural sources such as crustal materials (enhanced during dust episodes) and sea salts. The average contribution of natural sources in the total PM 2.5 mass concentration over the sampling period is about 40%, and the contribution of the secondary inorganic compounds is about 27% (mainly ammonium sulfate in our case). The remaining 22% is assumed to be secondary organic compounds.

Suggested Citation

  • Nasser M. Hamdan & Hussain Alawadhi & Najeh Jisrawi & Mohamed Shameer, 2018. "Characterization of Fine Particulate Matter in Sharjah, United Arab Emirates Using Complementary Experimental Techniques," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-17, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jsusta:v:10:y:2018:i:4:p:1088-:d:139713
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Bersimis, Sotiris & Psarakis, Stelios & Panaretos, John, 2006. "Multivariate Statistical Process Control Charts: An Overview," MPRA Paper 6399, University Library of Munich, Germany.
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    1. Mauricio A. Correa-Ochoa & Juliana Rojas & Luisa M. Gómez & David Aguiar & Carlos A. Palacio-Tobón & Henry A. Colorado, 2023. "Systematic Search Using the Proknow-C Method for the Characterization of Atmospheric Particulate Matter Using the Materials Science Techniques XRD, FTIR, XRF, and Raman Spectroscopy," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(11), pages 1-23, May.
    2. Pura Marín Sanleandro & Antonio Sánchez Navarro & Elvira Díaz-Pereira & Francisco Bautista Zuñiga & Miriam Romero Muñoz & María José Delgado Iniesta, 2018. "Assessment of Heavy Metals and Color as Indicators of Contamination in Street Dust of a City in SE Spain: Influence of Traffic Intensity and Sampling Location," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-14, November.

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