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An Enhanced Extremum Seeking-Based Energy Management Strategy with Equivalent State for Hybridized-Electric Tramway-Powered by Fuel Cell–Battery–Supercapacitors

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  • Hoai Vu Anh Truong

    (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea)

  • Hoai An Trinh

    (Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications Saigon University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

  • Tri Cuong Do

    (College of Technology and Design, University of Economics, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam)

  • Manh Hung Nguyen

    (School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea)

  • Van Du Phan

    (School of Engineering and Technology, Vinh University, Vinh 43108, Vietnam)

  • Kyoung Kwan Ahn

    (School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 44610, Republic of Korea)

Abstract

This article proposes a novel real-time optimization-based energy management strategy (EMS) for proton membrane exchange fuel cell (PEMFC)-battery-supercapacitors-driven hybridized-electric tramways (HETs). The proposed algorithm is derived based on an enhanced extremum seeking (ES) algorithm, with a new equivalent state-of-charge (SOC) and a new adaptive co-state introduced. Thereby, optimized reference power for each power source can be distributed appropriately when using three components. The workability and prominent of the proposed technique are demonstrated through comparative simulations with fuzzy-rule-based EMS (FEMS) and equivalent consumption minimization strategy (ECMS) in two case studies: with and without considering the supercapacitors, as an important factor in the EMS design to stabilize the SOC of energy storage devices (ESDs). Briefly, under the proposed ES-based method, the PEMFC power can be regulated such that high-efficiency can be performed, approximately by 46.7%. Subsequently, the hydrogen consumption is reduced about 31.2% compared to a comparative fuzzy-based EMS. Besides, the supplements’ SOCs at the end of a driving cycle are also regulated to be equal to the initial ones.

Suggested Citation

  • Hoai Vu Anh Truong & Hoai An Trinh & Tri Cuong Do & Manh Hung Nguyen & Van Du Phan & Kyoung Kwan Ahn, 2024. "An Enhanced Extremum Seeking-Based Energy Management Strategy with Equivalent State for Hybridized-Electric Tramway-Powered by Fuel Cell–Battery–Supercapacitors," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 12(12), pages 1-22, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jmathe:v:12:y:2024:i:12:p:1849-:d:1414610
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hoai Vu Anh Truong & Hoang Vu Dao & Tri Cuong Do & Cong Minh Ho & Xuan Dinh To & Tri Dung Dang & Kyoung Kwan Ahn, 2020. "Mapping Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell–Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Excavator," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(13), pages 1-27, July.
    2. Trovão, João P. & Pereirinha, Paulo G. & Jorge, Humberto M. & Antunes, Carlos Henggeler, 2013. "A multi-level energy management system for multi-source electric vehicles – An integrated rule-based meta-heuristic approach," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 105(C), pages 304-318.
    3. Li, Qi & Wang, Tianhong & Li, Shihan & Chen, Weirong & Liu, Hong & Breaz, Elena & Gao, Fei, 2021. "Online extremum seeking-based optimized energy management strategy for hybrid electric tram considering fuel cell degradation," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 285(C).
    4. Caux, Stéphane & Gaoua, Yacine & Lopez, Pierre, 2017. "A combinatorial optimisation approach to energy management strategy for a hybrid fuel cell vehicle," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 133(C), pages 219-230.
    5. Peng, Fei & Zhao, Yuanzhe & Li, Xiaopeng & Liu, Zhixiang & Chen, Weirong & Liu, Yang & Zhou, Donghua, 2017. "Development of master-slave energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic hysteresis state machine and differential power processing compensation for a PEMFC-LIB-SC hybrid tramway," Applied Energy, Elsevier, vol. 206(C), pages 346-363.
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    Cited by:

    1. Haobin Jiang & Yang Zhao & Shidian Ma, 2025. "Dual-Layer Energy Management Strategy for a Hybrid Energy Storage System to Enhance PHEV Performance," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(7), pages 1-20, March.

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