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Assessment of Citrus Water Status Using Proximal Sensing: A Comparative Study of Spectral and Thermal Techniques

Author

Listed:
  • Fiorella Stagno

    (CREA—Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia, 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy)

  • Angela Randazzo

    (CREA—Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia, 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy)

  • Giancarlo Roccuzzo

    (CREA—Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Corso Savoia, 190, 95024 Acireale, Italy)

  • Roberto Ciorba

    (CREA—Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy)

  • Tiziana Amoriello

    (CREA—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy)

  • Roberto Ciccoritti

    (CREA—Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, Via di Fioranello 52, 00134 Rome, Italy)

Abstract

Early detection of plant water status is crucial for efficient crop management. In this research, proximal sensing tools (i.e., hyperspectral imaging HSI and thermal IR camera) were used to monitor changes in spectral and thermal profiles of a citrus orchard in Sicily (Italy), managed under five irrigation systems. The irrigation systems differ in the amount of water distribution and allow four different strategies of deficit irrigation to be obtained. The physiological traits, stem water potential, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and the amount of leaf chlorophyll were measured over the crop’s growing season for each treatment. The proximal sensing data consisted of thermal and hyperspectral imagery acquired in June–September during the irrigation seasons 2023–2024 and 2024–2025. Significant variation in physiological traits was observed in relation to the different irrigation strategies, highlighting the highest plant water stress in July, in particular for the partial root-zone drying irrigation system. The water-use efficiency (WUE) values in subsurface drip irrigation were similar to the moderate deficit irrigation treatment and more efficient (up to 50%) as compared to control. Proximal sensing measures confirmed a different plant water status in relation to the five different irrigations strategies. Moreover, four spectral indices (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI; Water Index WI; Photochemical Reflectance Index PRI; Transformed Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index TCARI), calculated from HSI spectra, highlighted strong correlations with physiological traits, especially with stem water potential and the amount of leaf chlorophyll (coefficient of correlation ranged between −0.4 and −0.5). This study demonstrated the effectiveness of using proximal sensing tools in precision agriculture and ecosystem monitoring, helping to ensure optimal plant health and water use efficiency.

Suggested Citation

  • Fiorella Stagno & Angela Randazzo & Giancarlo Roccuzzo & Roberto Ciorba & Tiziana Amoriello & Roberto Ciccoritti, 2025. "Assessment of Citrus Water Status Using Proximal Sensing: A Comparative Study of Spectral and Thermal Techniques," Land, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-24, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:14:y:2025:i:6:p:1222-:d:1673123
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. García-Tejero, I. & Romero-Vicente, R. & Jiménez-Bocanegra, J.A. & Martínez-García, G. & Durán-Zuazo, V.H. & Muriel-Fernández, J.L., 2010. "Response of citrus trees to deficit irrigation during different phenological periods in relation to yield, fruit quality, and water productivity," Agricultural Water Management, Elsevier, vol. 97(5), pages 689-699, May.
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