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An Integrated Approach for Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Subtropical Agricultural Soils, Eastern China

Author

Listed:
  • Ping Li

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

  • Tao Wu

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

  • Guojun Jiang

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

  • Lijie Pu

    (School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China)

  • Yan Li

    (Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China)

  • Jianzhen Zhang

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China)

  • Fei Xu

    (Institute of Land and Urban-Rural Development, Zhejiang University of Finance & Economics, Hangzhou 310018, China)

  • Xuefeng Xie

    (College of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
    Key Laboratory of the Coastal Zone Exploitation and Protection, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanjing 210023, China)

Abstract

Unreasonable human activities may cause the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in the agricultural soil, which will ultimately threaten the quality of soil environment, the safety of agricultural products, and human health. Therefore, the accumulation characteristics, potential sources, and health risks of HMs in agricultural soils in China’s subtropical regions were investigated. The mean Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd concentrations of agricultural soil in Jinhua City have exceeded the corresponding background values of Zhejiang Province, while the mean concentrations of determined 8 HMs were less than their corresponding risk-screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land in China. The spatial distribution of As, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Pb were generally distributed in large patches, and Hg, Zn, and Cd were generally sporadically distributed. A positive definite matrix factor analysis (PMF) model had better performance than an absolute principal component–multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) model in the identification of major sources of soil HMs, as it revealed higher R 2 value (0.81–0.99) and lower prediction error (−0.93–0.25%). The noncarcinogenic risks (HI) of the 8 HMs to adults and children were within the acceptable range, while the carcinogenic risk (RI) of children has exceeded the safety threshold, which needs to be addressed by relevant departments. The PMF based human health risk assessment model indicated that industrial sources contributed the highest risk to HI (32.92% and 30.47%) and RI (60.74% and 61.5%) for adults and children, followed by agricultural sources (21.34%, 29.31% and 32.94% 33.19%). Therefore, integrated environmental management should be implemented to control and reduce the accumulation of soil HMs from agricultural and industrial sources.

Suggested Citation

  • Ping Li & Tao Wu & Guojun Jiang & Lijie Pu & Yan Li & Jianzhen Zhang & Fei Xu & Xuefeng Xie, 2021. "An Integrated Approach for Source Apportionment and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Subtropical Agricultural Soils, Eastern China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(10), pages 1-17, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jlands:v:10:y:2021:i:10:p:1016-:d:644704
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lei Han & Rui Chen & Zhao Liu & Shanshan Chang & Yonghua Zhao & Leshi Li & Risheng Li & Longfei Xia, 2021. "Sources of and Control Measures for PTE Pollution in Soil at the Urban Fringe in Weinan, China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(7), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Haijin Zheng & Zhao Liu & Xiaofei Nie & Jichao Zuo & Lingyun Wang, 2019. "Comparison of Active Nitrogen Loss in Four Pathways on a Sloped Peanut Field with Red Soil in China under Conventional Fertilization Conditions," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(22), pages 1-16, November.
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    5. Modian Xie & Hongyi Li & Youwei Zhu & Jie Xue & Qihao You & Bin Jin & Zhou Shi, 2021. "Predicting Bioaccumulation of Potentially Toxic Element in Soil–Rice Systems Using Multi-Source Data and Machine Learning Methods: A Case Study of an Industrial City in Southeast China," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(6), pages 1-17, May.
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    2. Menghua Wang & Xuedong Liang & Zhi Li, 2021. "Research on the Evaluation Index System of the Soil Remediation Effect Based on Blockchain," Land, MDPI, vol. 10(11), pages 1-22, November.

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