Climate Change and Zoonotic Disease Outbreaks: Emerging Evidence from Epidemiology and Toxicology

Background: Disruptions in the mesh of the ecosystem come with implications that severely harm the sustainability and the equilibrium of life. Interactions of humans, animals, and many other organisms, along with the whole ecological complex, have given birth to zoonotic diseases, which can vary in type and burden. Collaborative efforts put into the prioritization of environmental, animal, and human health are envisioned as “One Health”. Understanding vector ecology and the varying mechanistic ways of transmission is crucial for constructing effective One Health surveillance tools and warning systems. Methods: We identified the literature available concerning the subject matter. We utilized scholarly databases to gather research for the last 10 years using predefined keywords. Objectives: This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the interconnection between climate discrepancies, ecological alarms, and the emergence and spread of zoonotic diseases. We attempted to provide recommendations for future research and policy interventions. Results: Human activities have significantly impacted disease-carrying vectors and wildlife habitats, aiding their proliferation and the spillover of diseases. Global frameworks incorporating One Health principles enhance global preparedness for future health threats. Applying the integrated One Health Surveillance has strengthened early warning systems. Interdisciplinary collaborations and tools like OH-EpiCap, a comprehensive tool that assesses and enhances the capacities of One Health surveillance systems, have significantly contributed to responding to infectious disease outbreaks, as seen in the Netherlands, reducing the risk of tick-borne diseases. Conclusions: Strides have been made with comprehensive processes that identify and prioritize zoonotic diseases of most significant concern and burden, such as OHZDP, approaches like One Health, and other theories considered. A proactive and integrated approach will build resilience against potential outbreaks and ensure a healthier future for our planet and its inhabitants.