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Neighborhood Violence Impacts Disease Control and Surveillance: Case Study of Cali, Colombia from 2014 to 2016

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  • Amy R. Krystosik

    (Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University, Grant Building, S 374, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA
    Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA)

  • Andrew Curtis

    (Department of Geography, the GIS, Health & Hazards Lab, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA)

  • A. Desiree LaBeaud

    (Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University, Grant Building, S 374, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA)

  • Diana M. Dávalos

    (Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia)

  • Robinson Pacheco

    (Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
    Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología y Servicios, Universidad Libre, Cali 760031, Colombia)

  • Paola Buritica

    (Grupo de Investigación en Epidemiología y Servicios, Universidad Libre, Cali 760031, Colombia)

  • Álvaro A. Álvarez

    (Caucaseco Scientific Research Center, Cali 760031, Colombia
    Stanford University School of Medicine Research IRT, 3172 Porter Drive, Stanford, CA 94305-5208, USA)

  • Madhav P. Bhatta

    (Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA)

  • Jorge Humberto Rojas Palacios

    (Secretaría de Salud de Cali, Colombia, Cali 760031, Colombia)

  • Mark A. James

    (Department of Biostatistics, Environmental Health Sciences, and Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA)

Abstract

Arboviruses are responsible for a large burden of disease globally and are thus subject to intense epidemiological scrutiny. However, a variable notably absent from most epidemiological analyses has been the impact of violence on arboviral transmission and surveillance. Violence impedes surveillance and delivery of health and preventative services and affects an individual’s health-related behaviors when survival takes priority. Moreover, low and middle-income countries bear a disproportionately high burden of violence and related health outcomes, including vector borne diseases. To better understand the epidemiology of arboviral outbreaks in Cali, Colombia, we georeferenced chikungunya (CHIKV), dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV) viral cases from The National System of Surveillance in Public Health between October 2014 and April 2016. We extracted homicide data from the municipal monthly reports and kernel density of homicide distribution from IdeasPaz. Crucially, an overall higher risk of homicide is associated with increased risk of reported DENV, lower rates of acute testing, and higher rates of lab versus clinical discordance. In the context of high violence as a potential barrier to access to preventive health services, a community approach to improve health and peace should be considered.

Suggested Citation

  • Amy R. Krystosik & Andrew Curtis & A. Desiree LaBeaud & Diana M. Dávalos & Robinson Pacheco & Paola Buritica & Álvaro A. Álvarez & Madhav P. Bhatta & Jorge Humberto Rojas Palacios & Mark A. James, 2018. "Neighborhood Violence Impacts Disease Control and Surveillance: Case Study of Cali, Colombia from 2014 to 2016," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-20, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:15:y:2018:i:10:p:2144-:d:172776
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Samir Bhatt & Peter W. Gething & Oliver J. Brady & Jane P. Messina & Andrew W. Farlow & Catherine L. Moyes & John M. Drake & John S. Brownstein & Anne G. Hoen & Osman Sankoh & Monica F. Myers & Dylan , 2013. "The global distribution and burden of dengue," Nature, Nature, vol. 496(7446), pages 504-507, April.
    2. Gary Slutkin, 2017. "Reducing violence as the next great public health achievement," Nature Human Behaviour, Nature, vol. 1(1), pages 1-1, January.
    3. Rachel Lowe & Christovam Barcellos & Patrícia Brasil & Oswaldo G. Cruz & Nildimar Alves Honório & Hannah Kuper & Marilia Sá Carvalho, 2018. "The Zika Virus Epidemic in Brazil: From Discovery to Future Implications," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-18, January.
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