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Illegal Dumping Sites in Bloemfontein, South Africa: Respiratory Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Community Perspectives

Author

Listed:
  • Botle Maluleka

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa)

  • Phoka C. Rathebe

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa)

  • Busisiwe Shezi

    (Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2094, South Africa
    Discipline of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa
    Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban 4091, South Africa)

Abstract

Illegal waste dumping is a significant global issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as South Africa. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors for acute respiratory symptoms among residents living near illegal domestic waste dumping sites. The study also explored community perceptions regarding illegal dumping and its health effects. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Rocklands, Free State, South Africa, with 200 participants: 117 living within 0–5 km of a dumping site and 83 residing ≥5–10 km away. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Generalized linear models were employed to explore the relationship between proximity to illegal dumping sites and respiratory symptoms, adjusting progressively for confounders in successive models. Respiratory symptoms were more prevalent among those within 5 km of illegal dumping sites: cough (48.0% vs. 27.0%), shortness of breath (23.0% vs. 18.0%), wheezing (20.0% vs. 7.0%), and chest tightness (20.0% vs. 7.0%). Proximity was significantly associated with wheezing (PR: 2.77; 95% CI: 1.10–6.98) and chest tightness (PR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.19–6.84). Community-driven initiatives, such as awareness campaigns and recycling, were strongly supported as solutions. These findings highlight the need for education on waste management. Collaborative efforts are essential to reduce illegal dumping and improve waste management.

Suggested Citation

  • Botle Maluleka & Phoka C. Rathebe & Busisiwe Shezi, 2025. "Illegal Dumping Sites in Bloemfontein, South Africa: Respiratory Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Community Perspectives," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(5), pages 1-16, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:5:p:685-:d:1642968
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Lorren Kirsty Haywood & Thandi Kapwata & Suzan Oelofse & Gregory Breetzke & Caradee Yael Wright, 2021. "Waste Disposal Practices in Low-Income Settlements of South Africa," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(15), pages 1-12, August.
    2. Nobomi Ngalo & Gladman Thondhlana, 2023. "Illegal Solid-Waste Dumping in a Low-Income Neighbourhood in South Africa: Prevalence and Perceptions," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(18), pages 1-15, September.
    3. Syafrudin Syafrudin & Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan & Mochamad Arief Budihardjo & Munawir Munawir & Hafizhul Khair & Raden Tina Rosmalina & Septa Yudha Ardiansyah, 2023. "Analysis of Factors Influencing Illegal Waste Dumping Generation Using GIS Spatial Regression Methods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(3), pages 1-11, January.
    4. Mohd Faiz Ibrahim & Rozita Hod & Haidar Rizal Toha & Azmawati Mohammed Nawi & Idayu Badilla Idris & Hanizah Mohd Yusoff & Mazrura Sahani, 2021. "The Impacts of Illegal Toxic Waste Dumping on Children’s Health: A Review and Case Study from Pasir Gudang, Malaysia," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-16, February.
    5. Xolisiwe Sinalo Grangxabe & Thabang Maphanga & Benett Siyabonga Madonsela & Babalwa Gqomfa & Takalani Terry Phungela & Karabo Concelia Malakane & Kgabo Humphrey Thamaga & Daniel Angwenyi, 2023. "The Escalation of Informal Settlement and the High Levels of Illegal Dumping Post-Apartheid: Systematic Review," Challenges, MDPI, vol. 14(3), pages 1-15, September.
    6. D'Amato, Alessio & Mazzanti, Massimiliano & Nicolli, Francesco & Zoli, Mariangela, 2018. "Illegal waste disposal: Enforcement actions and decentralized environmental policy," Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Elsevier, vol. 64(C), pages 56-65.
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