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Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts

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  • Marly Johana Bahamón

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia)

  • José Julián Javela

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia)

  • Andrea Ortega-Bechara

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia)

  • Shadye Matar-Khalil

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia)

  • Esteban Ocampo-Flórez

    (CINDE, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá 110231, Colombia)

  • J Isaac Uribe-Alvarado

    (Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Colima, Colima 28040, Mexico)

  • Andrés Cabezas-Corcione

    (Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Montería, Universidad del Sinú “Elías Bechara Zainúm”, Córdoba 230002, Colombia)

  • Lorena Cudris-Torres

    (Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia)

Abstract

Background: Suicide is a global public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries and among vulnerable groups such as adolescents. Despite increasing research efforts, understanding the psychosocial factors associated with suicidal behavior remains a challenge. This study examines family and personal histories of suicidal behavior, exposure to violence, empathy, and perceived social support in adolescents who have received healthcare services in Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 438 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. Participants were classified into suicide attempt survivors (AS, n = 58) and non-attempters (NAS, n = 380). A characterization questionnaire was applied (prior hospitalization for suicide attempt, family history, and survivor condition), the Alexian Brother Urge to Self-Injure scale, the Plutchik Suicide Risk Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Cognitive and Affective Empathy Test. Results: Adolescents with a history of suicide attempts exhibited higher levels of self-injurious behavior impulse (OR = 8.90, CI 95% [4.28–18.52], p < 0.001), Gravity attempt (OR = 8.162, CI 95% [4.34–15.37], p < 0.001), and suicide risk (OR = 2.90, CI 95% [1.42–5.94], p = 0.006). A significant association was found between suicide attempts and exposure to domestic ( p = 0.000), school ( p = 0.000), and sexual violence ( p = 0.000). A family history of suicide attempts increased the likelihood of suicidal behavior in adolescents (OR = 2.40, CI 95% [1.12–5.16], p = 0.022). In contrast, perceived family support acted as a potential protective factor (OR = 0.36, CI 95% [0.15–0.91], p = 0.055). Conclusions: These findings highlight the need for prevention strategies that address social and developmental factors.

Suggested Citation

  • Marly Johana Bahamón & José Julián Javela & Andrea Ortega-Bechara & Shadye Matar-Khalil & Esteban Ocampo-Flórez & J Isaac Uribe-Alvarado & Andrés Cabezas-Corcione & Lorena Cudris-Torres, 2025. "Social Determinants and Developmental Factors Influencing Suicide Risk and Self-Injury in Healthcare Contexts," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 22(3), pages 1-19, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:22:y:2025:i:3:p:411-:d:1609725
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    3. Myfanwy Maple & Kathy McKay & Rebecca Sanford, 2019. "The Attempt Was My Own! Suicide Attempt Survivors Respond to an Australian Community-Based Suicide Exposure Survey," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(22), pages 1-12, November.
    4. Turner, Heather A. & Finkelhor, David & Ormrod, Richard, 2006. "The effect of lifetime victimization on the mental health of children and adolescents," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(1), pages 13-27, January.
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