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Stigma, Post-traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Vaccination Intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States

Author

Listed:
  • David N. Sattler

    (Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA)

  • Boldsuren Bishkhorloo

    (Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia)

  • Kendall A. Lawley

    (Global Center for Integrated Health of Women, Adolescents, and Children, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA)

  • Ruth Hackler

    (Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA)

  • Chuluunbileg Byambajav

    (Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia)

  • Michidmaa Munkhbat

    (Department of Education and Psychology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia)

  • Brooklyn Smith-Galeno

    (Department of Psychology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225-9172, USA)

Abstract

Background : Stigma and discrimination during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic have increased precipitously worldwide. This multinational study examines how stigma, blaming groups for virus spread, concern regarding contracting the virus, resource loss, life satisfaction, and protective behaviors that help control the spread of COVID-19 are associated with post-traumatic stress and vaccine intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States. Method : 1429 people in Mongolia, India, and the United States completed measures assessing stigma during the COVID-19 pandemic, post-traumatic stress, blame, protective behaviors, and vaccine intent. Results : Mean post-traumatic stress scores in all three countries exceeded the cut-off that is commonly used to determine probable post-traumatic stress. Post-traumatic stress was associated with COVID-19 stigma experience, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, blaming groups for the spread of COVID-19, fear of COVID-19, and resource loss. In India and the United States, personal behavior change due to COVID-19 stigma, anger at individuals spreading COVID-19, and perceived susceptibility to illness were positively associated with vaccine intent. Conclusions : Stigma is a collateral stressor during the pandemic. The findings underscore the importance of prompt action to address stigma as a deleterious consequence of the pandemic. The findings illuminate potential barriers to receiving the vaccine and provide direction for future research to address barriers.

Suggested Citation

  • David N. Sattler & Boldsuren Bishkhorloo & Kendall A. Lawley & Ruth Hackler & Chuluunbileg Byambajav & Michidmaa Munkhbat & Brooklyn Smith-Galeno, 2023. "Stigma, Post-traumatic Stress, and COVID-19 Vaccination Intent in Mongolia, India, and the United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(3), pages 1-12, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:3:p:2084-:d:1044974
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Cuiyan Wang & Riyu Pan & Xiaoyang Wan & Yilin Tan & Linkang Xu & Cyrus S. Ho & Roger C. Ho, 2020. "Immediate Psychological Responses and Associated Factors during the Initial Stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(5), pages 1-25, March.
    2. James Johnson & David N. Sattler & Kylie Otton, 2021. "COVID-19—Related Assault on Asians: Economic Hardship in the United States and India Predicts Diminished Support for Victim Compensation and Assailant Punishment," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(10), pages 1-15, May.
    3. Lee, Sing & Chan, Lydia Y.Y. & Chau, Annie M.Y. & Kwok, Kathleen P.S. & Kleinman, Arthur, 2005. "The experience of SARS-related stigma at Amoy Gardens," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(9), pages 2038-2046, November.
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