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Validating the Perceived Active School Travel Enablers and Barriers–Parent (PASTEB–P) Questionnaire to Support Intervention Programming and Research

Author

Listed:
  • Andrew F. Clark

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada)

  • Melissa Thomas

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada)

  • Adrian Buttazzoni

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada)

  • Matthew Adams

    (Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto—Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada)

  • Stephanie E. Coen

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK)

  • Jamie Seabrook

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Brescia University College, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada)

  • Danielle Tobin

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada)

  • Trish Tucker

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    School of Occupational Therapy, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada)

  • Jason Gilliland

    (Human Environments Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    Department of Geography and Environment, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada
    Children’s Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada
    Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON N6A 4V2, Canada)

Abstract

A child’s ability to participate in active school travel (AST) is complicated by several factors. Of particular note are parental controls, which are informed by their perceptions of the local built and social environments, assessments of their child’s skills, and convenience preferences, among other considerations. However, there is currently a lack of AST-specific scales that include validated parental perception measures related to such notable barriers and enablers, or those that tend to frame their AST decision-making processes. Framed within the social-ecological model of health behaviour, the aims of the present paper were thus threefold, specifically to (1) outline and test the construct validity of measures delineating parental perceptions of barriers and enablers to AST, (2) evaluate the reliability and consistency of the developed measures, and (3) connect these measures to develop broader constructs for use in the Perceived Active School Travel Enablers and Barriers–Parent (PASTEB–P) questionnaire. To achieve these aims, a mixed-methods approach featuring cognitive interviews and surveys, along with qualitative (thematic analysis) and quantitative (Cohen’s Kappa, McDonald’s Omega, and confirmatory factor analysis) analyses, was applied across two studies. The validation processes of the two studies resulted in the development of fifteen items comprising seven distinct constructs (barriers: AST Skills, Convenience, Road Safety, Social Safety, and Equipment Storage; enablers: Supportive Environment and Safe Environment) related to parental perceptions of AST. The developed PASTEB–P questionnaire can be used to inform and evaluate AST intervention programming and can be applied for AST research purposes.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew F. Clark & Melissa Thomas & Adrian Buttazzoni & Matthew Adams & Stephanie E. Coen & Jamie Seabrook & Danielle Tobin & Trish Tucker & Jason Gilliland, 2023. "Validating the Perceived Active School Travel Enablers and Barriers–Parent (PASTEB–P) Questionnaire to Support Intervention Programming and Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(10), pages 1-23, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:20:y:2023:i:10:p:5874-:d:1150889
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Buttazzoni, Adrian N. & Coen, Stephanie E. & Gilliland, Jason A., 2018. "Supporting active school travel: A qualitative analysis of implementing a regional safe routes to school program," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 212(C), pages 181-190.
    2. Hanna Forsberg & Anna-Karin Lindqvist & Sonja Forward & Lars Nyberg & Stina Rutberg, 2021. "Development and Initial Validation of the PILCAST Questionnaire: Understanding Parents’ Intentions to Let Their Child Cycle or Walk to School," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(21), pages 1-17, November.
    3. Frater, Jillian & Kingham, Simon, 2018. "Gender equity in health and the influence of intrapersonal factors on adolescent girls' decisions to bicycle to school," Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 130-138.
    4. Thomas Götschi & Sonja Kahlmeier & Alberto Castro & Christian Brand & Nick Cavill & Paul Kelly & Christoph Lieb & David Rojas-Rueda & James Woodcock & Francesca Racioppi, 2020. "Integrated Impact Assessment of Active Travel: Expanding the Scope of the Health Economic Assessment Tool (HEAT) for Walking and Cycling," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(20), pages 1-19, October.
    5. Mukhlis Nahriri Bastam & Muhamad Razuhanafi Mat Yazid & Muhamad Nazri Borhan, 2022. "An Active School Transport Instrument to Measure Parental Intentions: The Case of Indonesia," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 10(20), pages 1-17, October.
    6. Ellen Haug & Otto Robert Frans Smith & Jens Bucksch & Catherina Brindley & Jan Pavelka & Zdenek Hamrik & Joanna Inchley & Chris Roberts & Frida Kathrine Sofie Mathisen & Dagmar Sigmundová, 2021. "12-Year Trends in Active School Transport across Four European Countries—Findings from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-15, February.
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