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The Impact of COVID-19 Related Changes on Air Quality in Birmingham, Alabama, United States

Author

Listed:
  • Diya Jacob

    (School of Health Professions, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA)

  • Samuel Stowe

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA)

  • Iyinoluwa Babarinde

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA)

  • Aakruti Sharma

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA)

  • Abigail Christopher

    (School of Health Professions, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA)

  • M. J. Ruzmyn Vilcassim

    (Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA)

Abstract

Air pollution is responsible for a wide range of health effects in exposed populations. Variations in local air pollution can affect local population health outcomes. The strict regulations imposed during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic (‘lockdowns’) resulted in a unique situation where human mobility was limited significantly, resulting in improved air quality in several major cities. The main goal of this study was to investigate if lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted air quality in Birmingham, Alabama—a city with a history of high air pollution levels—with a focus on PM 2.5 (Particulate Matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 µm) and NO 2 (Nitrogen dioxide). Daily air pollutant and traffic data were obtained for the Birmingham Metropolitan Area for the period January to October 2020, and previous years. Mean PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentrations and traffic volumes during the official city/state lockdown period (24 March to 30 April 2020) were compared to pre- and post-lockdown means. The mean PM 2.5 and NO 2 concentrations during the lockdown did not significantly differ from that of the pre- or post-lockdown periods. However, NO 2 significantly decreased even after the lockdown order was removed, with the mean decreasing significantly compared to pre-lockdown and lockdown periods. Both PM 2.5 and NO 2 annual means in 2020 were significantly lower than the annual means in 2019, indicating the occurrence of significant changes over the longer term that were not limited by defined lockdown periods. Traffic significantly increased after the lockdown order was removed but did not correlate with the two pollutants studied. Therefore, we conclude that the Stay at Home/lockdown regulations and other COVID-19 restrictions had an impact on the air quality of Birmingham Alabama; although these lockdown impacts varied for each pollutant and were not limited only by the official lockdown dates/periods.

Suggested Citation

  • Diya Jacob & Samuel Stowe & Iyinoluwa Babarinde & Aakruti Sharma & Abigail Christopher & M. J. Ruzmyn Vilcassim, 2022. "The Impact of COVID-19 Related Changes on Air Quality in Birmingham, Alabama, United States," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(6), pages 1-13, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:6:p:3168-:d:766422
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Chang-Jin Ma & Gong-Unn Kang, 2020. "Air Quality Variation in Wuhan, Daegu, and Tokyo during the Explosive Outbreak of COVID-19 and Its Health Effects," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(11), pages 1-12, June.
    2. Martinez-Soto, Aner & Avendaño Vera, Constanza C. & Boso, Alex & Hofflinger, Alvaro & Shupler, Matthew, 2021. "Energy poverty influences urban outdoor air pollution levels during COVID-19 lockdown in south-central Chile," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
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