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A Comparative Review of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies from Environmental and Economic Perspectives: Towards a Sustainable Asphalt Pavement

Author

Listed:
  • Abdalrhman Milad

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa PC 616, Ad-Dakhliyah, Oman)

  • Ali Mohammed Babalghaith

    (Centre for Transportation Research, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia)

  • Abdulnaser M. Al-Sabaeei

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia)

  • Anmar Dulaimi

    (College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq
    School of Civil Engineering and Built Environment, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5UX, UK)

  • Abdualmtalab Ali

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X5, Canada)

  • Sajjala Sreedhar Reddy

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Nizwa, P.O. Box 33, Nizwa PC 616, Ad-Dakhliyah, Oman)

  • Munder Bilema

    (Department of Civil Technology, College of Science Technology-Qaminis, Qaminis, Libya)

  • Nur Izzi Md Yusoff

    (Department of Civil Engineering, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia)

Abstract

The environmental concerns of global warming and energy consumption are among the most severe issues and challenges facing human beings worldwide. Due to the relatively higher predicted temperatures (150–180 °C), the latest research on pavement energy consumption and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emission assessment mentioned contributing to higher environmental burdens such as air pollution and global warming. However, warm-mix asphalt (WMA) was introduced by pavement researchers and the road construction industry instead of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) to reduce these environmental problems. This study aims to provide a comparative overview of WMA and HMA from environmental and economic perspectives in order to highlight the challenges, motivations, and research gaps in using WMA technology compared to HMA. It was discovered that the lower production temperature of WMA could significantly reduce the emissions of gases and fumes and thus reduce global warming. The lower production temperature also provides a healthy work environment and reduces exposure to fumes. Replacing HMA with WMA can reduce production costs because of the 20–75% lower energy consumption in WMA production. It was also released that the reduction in energy consumption is dependent on the fuel type, energy source, material heat capacity, moisture content, and production temperature. Other benefits of using WMA are enhanced asphalt mixture workability and compaction because the additives in WMA reduce asphalt binder viscosity. It also allows for the incorporation of more waste materials, such as reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP). However, future studies are recommended on the possibility of using renewable, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective materials such as biomaterials as an alternative to conventional WMA-additives for more sustainable and green asphalt pavements.

Suggested Citation

  • Abdalrhman Milad & Ali Mohammed Babalghaith & Abdulnaser M. Al-Sabaeei & Anmar Dulaimi & Abdualmtalab Ali & Sajjala Sreedhar Reddy & Munder Bilema & Nur Izzi Md Yusoff, 2022. "A Comparative Review of Hot and Warm Mix Asphalt Technologies from Environmental and Economic Perspectives: Towards a Sustainable Asphalt Pavement," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-23, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:19:y:2022:i:22:p:14863-:d:970189
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Feng Ma & Aimin Sha & Panpan Yang & Yue Huang, 2016. "The Greenhouse Gas Emission from Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Construction in China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(7), pages 1-12, June.
    2. Mulian Zheng & Wang Chen & Xiaoyan Ding & Wenwu Zhang & Sixin Yu, 2021. "Comprehensive Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Preventive Maintenance Techniques for Asphalt Pavement," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-21, April.
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    5. Sharma, Ajit & Lee, Byeong-Kyu, 2017. "Energy savings and reduction of CO2 emission using Ca(OH)2 incorporated zeolite as an additive for warm and hot mix asphalt production," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 136(C), pages 142-150.
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    9. Filippo G. Praticò & Marinella Giunta & Marina Mistretta & Teresa Maria Gulotta, 2020. "Energy and Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Pavement Materials and Technologies for Urban Roads," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(2), pages 1-15, January.
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    1. Diego Flores-Ruiz & Marco Montoya-Alcaraz & Leonel García & Manuel Gutiérrez & Julio Calderón-Ramírez, 2025. "Mitigation Strategies Based on Life Cycle Assessment for Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Asphalt Pavements: Systematic Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-24, January.
    2. Michael R. Gruber & Bernhard Hofko, 2023. "Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Recycled Asphalt Pavement Production," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(5), pages 1-23, March.

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