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Green Space and Health Equity: A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities

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  • Alessandro Rigolon

    (Department of City and Metropolitan Planning, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA)

  • Matthew H. E. M. Browning

    (Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA)

  • Olivia McAnirlin

    (Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA)

  • Hyunseo (Violet) Yoon

    (Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA)

Abstract

Disadvantaged groups worldwide, such as low-income and racially/ethnically minoritized people, experience worse health outcomes than more privileged groups, including wealthier and white people. Such health disparities are a major public health issue in several countries around the world. In this systematic review, we examine whether green space shows stronger associations with physical health for disadvantaged groups than for privileged groups. We hypothesize that disadvantaged groups have stronger protective effects from green space because of their greater dependency on proximate green space, as they tend to lack access to other health-promoting resources. We use the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method and search five databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to look for articles that examine whether socioeconomic status (SES) or race/ethnicity modify the green space-health associations. Based on this search, we identify 90 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. We find lower-SES people show more beneficial effects than affluent people, particularly when concerning public green spaces/parks rather than green land covers/greenness. Studies in Europe show stronger protective effects for lower-SES people versus higher-SES people than do studies in North America. We find no notable differences in the protective effects of green space between racial/ethnic groups. Collectively, these results suggest green space might be a tool to advance health equity and provide ways forward for urban planners, parks managers, and public health professionals to address health disparities.

Suggested Citation

  • Alessandro Rigolon & Matthew H. E. M. Browning & Olivia McAnirlin & Hyunseo (Violet) Yoon, 2021. "Green Space and Health Equity: A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(5), pages 1-27, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:5:p:2563-:d:510455
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    4. Joy L. Hart & Ray A. Yeager & Daniel W. Riggs & Daniel Fleischer & Ugochukwu Owolabi & Kandi L. Walker & Aruni Bhatnagar & Rachel J. Keith, 2022. "The Relationship between Perceptions and Objective Measures of Greenness," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(23), pages 1-17, December.
    5. Jean C. Bikomeye & Andreas M. Beyer & Jamila L. Kwarteng & Kirsten M. M. Beyer, 2022. "Greenspace, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Health, and Cancer: A Review and Conceptual Framework for Greenspace in Cardio-Oncology Research," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(4), pages 1-22, February.
    6. Marcia P. Jimenez & Nicole V. DeVille & Elise G. Elliott & Jessica E. Schiff & Grete E. Wilt & Jaime E. Hart & Peter James, 2021. "Associations between Nature Exposure and Health: A Review of the Evidence," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(9), pages 1-19, April.
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    8. Khaled Ali Abuhasel, 2023. "Assessing Public Service Distribution in Abha and Bisha Cities, Saudi Arabia: A Comparative Study," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(13), pages 1-15, June.
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    10. Hansen Li & Matthew H. E. M. Browning & Angel M. Dzhambov & Guodong Zhang & Yang Cao, 2022. "Green Space for Mental Health in the COVID-19 Era: A Pathway Analysis in Residential Green Space Users," Land, MDPI, vol. 11(8), pages 1-18, July.
    11. Lee, Sungmin & Ye, Xinyue & Nam, Ji Won & Zhang, Kai, 2022. "The association between tree canopy cover over streets and elderly pedestrian falls: A health disparity study in urban areas," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 306(C).
    12. Yuhong Tian & Fenghua Liu & Chi Yung Jim & Tiantian Wang & Jingya Luan & Mengxuan Yan, 2022. "Effects of Self-Rated Health Status on Residents’ Social-Benefit Perceptions of Urban Green Space," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(16), pages 1-19, August.
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    14. Alan C. Logan & Nalini M. Nadkarni, 2022. "Tapestry Thinking: An Interview with Dr. Nalini Nadkarni on an Unexpected Life in Science," Challenges, MDPI, vol. 13(2), pages 1-15, November.
    15. Nafsika Afentou & Patrick Moore & Katrina Hull & Jenny Shepherd & Stephanie Elliott & Emma Frew, 2022. "Inland Waterways and Population Health and Wellbeing: A Cross-Sectional Study of Waterway Users in the UK," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(21), pages 1-23, October.
    16. Lisa Dandolo & Christina Hartig & Klaus Telkmann & Sophie Horstmann & Lars Schwettmann & Peter Selsam & Alexandra Schneider & Gabriele Bolte & on behalf of the INGER Study Group, 2022. "Decision Tree Analyses to Explore the Relevance of Multiple Sex/Gender Dimensions for the Exposure to Green Spaces: Results from the KORA INGER Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-25, June.
    17. Lisa Dandolo & Klaus Telkmann & Christina Hartig & Sophie Horstmann & Sara Pedron & Lars Schwettmann & Peter Selsam & Alexandra Schneider & Gabriele Bolte & on behalf of the INGER Study Group, 2023. "Do Multiple Sex/Gender Dimensions Play a Role in the Association of Green Space and Self-Rated Health? Model-Based Recursive Partitioning Results from the KORA INGER Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(7), pages 1-23, March.

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