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The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study

Author

Listed:
  • Mark A. Green

    (Geographic Data Science Lab, Department of Geography & Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK)

  • Matthew Hobbs

    (GeoHealth Laboratory, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
    School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand)

  • Ding Ding

    (School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia)

  • Michael Widener

    (Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada)

  • John Murray

    (Geographic Data Science Lab, Department of Geography & Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK)

  • Lindsey Reece

    (School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia)

  • Alex Singleton

    (Geographic Data Science Lab, Department of Geography & Planning, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZT, UK)

Abstract

The aim of our study is to utilise longitudinal data to explore if the association between the retail fast food environment and overweight in adolescents is confounded by neighbourhood deprivation. Data from the Millennium Cohort Study for England were obtained for waves 5 (ages 11/12; 2011/12; n = 13,469) and 6 (ages 14/15; 2014/15; n = 11,884). Our outcome variable was overweight/obesity defined using age and sex-specific International Obesity Task Force cut points. Individuals were linked, based on their residential location, to data on the density of fast food outlets and neighbourhood deprivation. Structural Equation Models were used to model associations and test for observed confounding. A small positive association was initially detected between fast food outlets and overweight (e.g., at age 11/12, Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.0006, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.0002–1.0009). Following adjusting for the confounding role of neighbourhood deprivation, this association was non-significant. Individuals who resided in the most deprived neighbourhoods had higher odds of overweight than individuals in the least deprived neighbourhoods (e.g., at age 11/12 OR = 1.95, 95% CIs = 1.64–2.32). Neighbourhood deprivation was also positively associated to the density of fast food outlets (at age 11/12 Incidence Rate Ratio = 3.03, 95% CIs = 2.80–3.28).

Suggested Citation

  • Mark A. Green & Matthew Hobbs & Ding Ding & Michael Widener & John Murray & Lindsey Reece & Alex Singleton, 2021. "The Association between Fast Food Outlets and Overweight in Adolescents Is Confounded by Neighbourhood Deprivation: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Millennium Cohort Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(24), pages 1-15, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:24:p:13212-:d:702963
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Mark A. Green & Mariana Arcaya & S. V. Subramanian, 2017. "Using Internal Migration to Estimate the Causal Effect of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Context on Health: A Longitudinal Analysis, England, 1995–2008," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 107(6), pages 1266-1278, November.
    2. Andrew McAuley & Cheryl Denny & Martin Taulbut & Rory Mitchell & Colin Fischbacher & Barbara Graham & Ian Grant & Paul O’Hagan & David McAllister & Gerry McCartney, 2016. "Informing Investment to Reduce Inequalities: A Modelling Approach," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(8), pages 1-20, August.
    3. Jacob Westfall & Tal Yarkoni, 2016. "Statistically Controlling for Confounding Constructs Is Harder than You Think," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 11(3), pages 1-22, March.
    4. Adriana Dornelles, 2019. "Impact of multiple food environments on body mass index," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 14(8), pages 1-14, August.
    5. Hobbs, M. & Griffiths, C. & Green, M.A. & Christensen, A. & McKenna, J., 2019. "Examining longitudinal associations between the recreational physical activity environment, change in body mass index, and obesity by age in 8864 Yorkshire Health Study participants," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 227(C), pages 76-83.
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