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Mood and Changes in Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Model Explaining Associations with Perceived Immune Fitness and Experiencing COVID-19 Symptoms

Author

Listed:
  • Agnese Merlo

    (Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Noortje R Severeijns

    (Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Sarah Benson

    (Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia)

  • Andrew Scholey

    (Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia)

  • Johan Garssen

    (Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands)

  • Gillian Bruce

    (Division of Psychology and Social Work, School of Education and Social Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK)

  • Joris C Verster

    (Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia)

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of the 2019 Coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown on mood states, stress, alcohol consumption and perceived immune fitness in a Dutch sample. Analysis included a subsample from the “Corona Lockdown: how fit are you?” (CLOFIT) study, comprising N = 761 participants who reported consuming alcohol in 2020. Results show that, compared to pre-lockdown, the first COVID-19 lockdown (March 2020) was associated with experiencing poorer mood (e.g., anxiety, depression, loneliness, fatigue) and increased stress levels. Among younger participants (18 to 35 years old), a significant decrease in weekly alcohol consumption was found during COVID-19 lockdown, which was not significant in older individuals. For the younger age cohort (18 to 35 years old), increased stress significantly correlated to increased weekly alcohol consumption (r = 0.163, p = 0.003), which in turn, correlated significantly to reporting a poorer perceived immune fitness (r = −0.165, p = 0.002). Poorer perceived immune fitness correlated significantly with increases in the presence and severity of COVID-19 symptoms (r = −0.313, p < 0.001, and r = −0.325, p < 0.001, respectively). The data provides evidence for significant relationships between changes in mood, stress and alcohol consumption during COVID-19 lockdown, and supports a model that links these changes to perceived immune fitness and susceptibility to experiencing COVID-19 symptoms.

Suggested Citation

  • Agnese Merlo & Noortje R Severeijns & Sarah Benson & Andrew Scholey & Johan Garssen & Gillian Bruce & Joris C Verster, 2021. "Mood and Changes in Alcohol Consumption in Young Adults during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Model Explaining Associations with Perceived Immune Fitness and Experiencing COVID-19 Symptoms," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(19), pages 1-13, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:18:y:2021:i:19:p:10028-:d:641777
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. de Goeij, Moniek C.M. & Suhrcke, Marc & Toffolutti, Veronica & van de Mheen, Dike & Schoenmakers, Tim M. & Kunst, Anton E., 2015. "How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 131(C), pages 131-146.
    2. Livia J. F. Wilod Versprille & Aurora J. A. E. van de Loo & Marlou Mackus & Lizanne Arnoldy & Titia A. L. Sulzer & Sterre A. Vermeulen & Smedra Abdulahad & Hendrikje Huls & Ton Baars & Andrew Scholey , 2019. "Development and Validation of the Immune Status Questionnaire (ISQ)," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(23), pages 1-18, November.
    3. Silvia Eiken Alpers & Jens Christoffer Skogen & Silje Mæland & Ståle Pallesen & Åsgeir Kjetland Rabben & Linn-Heidi Lunde & Lars Thore Fadnes, 2021. "Alcohol Consumption during a Pandemic Lockdown Period and Change in Alcohol Consumption Related to Worries and Pandemic Measures," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-11, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Yoshiki B. Kurata & Ardvin Kester S. Ong & Alyssa Laraine M. Cunanan & Alwin G. Lumbres & Kyle Gericho M. Palomares & Christine Denise A. Vargas & Abiel M. Badillo, 2023. "Perceived Behavior Analysis to Boost Physical Fitness and Lifestyle Wellness for Sustainability among Gen Z Filipinos," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(18), pages 1-25, September.
    2. Joris C. Verster & Agnese Merlo & Maureen N. Zijlstra & Benthe R. C. van der Weij & Anne S. Boogaard & Sanne E. Schulz & Jessica Balikji & Andy J. Kim & Sherry H. Stewart & Simon B. Sherry & Johan Gar, 2025. "Predictors of Immune Fitness and the Alcohol Hangover: Survey Data from UK and Irish Adults," Data, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-13, April.

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