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Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview

Author

Listed:
  • Marina Tumolo

    (Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy
    Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Valeria Ancona

    (Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy)

  • Domenico De Paola

    (Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, Italian National Research Council (IBBR-CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Daniela Losacco

    (Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy
    Department of Biology, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy)

  • Claudia Campanale

    (Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy)

  • Carmine Massarelli

    (Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy)

  • Vito Felice Uricchio

    (Water Research, Institute-Italian National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), 70132 Bari, Italy)

Abstract

Chromium is a potentially toxic metal occurring in water and groundwater as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. Microbial interaction with mafic and ultramafic rocks together with geogenic processes release Cr (VI) in natural environment by chromite oxidation. Moreover, Cr (VI) pollution is largely related to several Cr (VI) industrial applications in the field of energy production, manufacturing of metals and chemicals, and subsequent waste and wastewater management. Chromium discharge in European Union (EU) waters is subjected to nationwide recommendations, which vary depending on the type of industry and receiving water body. Once in water, chromium mainly occurs in two oxidation states Cr (III) and Cr (VI) and related ion forms depending on pH values, redox potential, and presence of natural reducing agents. Public concerns with chromium are primarily related to hexavalent compounds owing to their toxic effects on humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. Risks for human health range from skin irritation to DNA damages and cancer development, depending on dose, exposure level, and duration. Remediation strategies commonly used for Cr (VI) removal include physico-chemical and biological methods. This work critically presents their advantages and disadvantages, suggesting a site-specific and accurate evaluation for choosing the best available recovering technology.

Suggested Citation

  • Marina Tumolo & Valeria Ancona & Domenico De Paola & Daniela Losacco & Claudia Campanale & Carmine Massarelli & Vito Felice Uricchio, 2020. "Chromium Pollution in European Water, Sources, Health Risk, and Remediation Strategies: An Overview," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(15), pages 1-25, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:17:y:2020:i:15:p:5438-:d:391065
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Annija Lace & David Ryan & Mark Bowkett & John Cleary, 2019. "Chromium Monitoring in Water by Colorimetry Using Optimised 1,5-Diphenylcarbazide Method," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(10), pages 1-15, May.
    2. Ming-hao Li & Xue-yan Gao & Can Li & Chun-long Yang & Chang-ai Fu & Jie Liu & Rui Wang & Lin-xu Chen & Jian-qiang Lin & Xiang-mei Liu & Jian-qun Lin & Xin Pang, 2020. "Isolation and Identification of Chromium Reducing Bacillus Cereus Species from Chromium-Contaminated Soil for the Biological Detoxification of Chromium," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(6), pages 1-13, March.
    3. Bin Zhou & Daoyou Huang & Jinshui Wu & Qihong Zhu & Hanhua Zhu, 2018. "Horizontal and Vertical Distributions of Chromium in a Chromate Production District of South Central China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-15, March.
    4. Valeria Ancona & Claudia Campanale & Marina Tumolo & Domenico De Paola & Claudio Ardito & Angela Volpe & Vito Felice Uricchio, 2020. "Enhancement of Chromium (VI) Reduction in Microcosms Amended with Lactate or Yeast Extract: A Laboratory-Scale Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(3), pages 1-14, January.
    5. Jakyung Son & J. Steven Morris & Kyong Park, 2018. "Toenail Chromium Concentration and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-9, April.
    6. Richard Oruko Ongon’g & Joshua N. Edokpayi & Titus A. M. Msagati & Nikita T. Tavengwa & Grace N. Ijoma & John O. Odiyo, 2020. "The Potential Health Risk Associated with Edible Vegetables Grown on Cr(VI) Polluted Soils," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-19, January.
    7. Navarro Ferronato & Vincenzo Torretta, 2019. "Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(6), pages 1-28, March.
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    2. Muhammad Umar Hayyat & Rab Nawaz & Ali Irfan & Sami A. Al-Hussain & Mehlil Aziz & Zafar Siddiq & Sajjad Ahmad & Magdi E. A. Zaki, 2023. "Evaluating the Phytoremediation Potential of Eichhornia crassipes for the Removal of Cr and Li from Synthetic Polluted Water," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(4), pages 1-17, February.
    3. Angel Villabona-Ortíz & Candelaria Tejada-Tovar & Ángel Darío González-Delgado, 2023. "Statistical Modelling of Biosorptive Removal of Hexavalent Chromium Using Dry Raw Biomasses of Dioscorea rotundata , Elaeis guineensis , Manihot esculenta , Theobroma cacao and Zea mays," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(12), pages 1-25, June.
    4. Monica Laura Zlati & Lucian Puiu Georgescu & Catalina Iticescu & Romeo Victor Ionescu & Valentin Marian Antohi, 2022. "New Approach to Modelling the Impact of Heavy Metals on the European Union’s Water Resources," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 20(1), pages 1-24, December.
    5. Marina Tumolo & Angela Volpe & Natalia Leone & Pietro Cotugno & Domenico De Paola & Daniela Losacco & Vito Locaputo & Maria Concetta de Pinto & Vito Felice Uricchio & Valeria Ancona, 2022. "Enhanced Natural Attenuation of Groundwater Cr(VI) Pollution Using Electron Donors: Yeast Extract vs. Polyhydroxybutyrate," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(15), pages 1-17, August.
    6. Caroline Orset, 2024. "Air, land, and water pollutants and public health expenditures: Empirical data from selected EU countries in the transport sector [Polluants atmosphériques, terrestres et aquatiques et dépenses de ," Post-Print hal-04521160, HAL.

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