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Risk Factors Associated with Feeding Children under 2 Years in Rural Malawi—A Formative Study

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  • Kondwani Chidziwisano

    (Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Private Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
    Department of Environmental Health, Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Private Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
    Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Level 5 James Weir Building, G1 1XQ, Glasgow, UK)

  • Elizabeth Tilley

    (Department of Environmental Health, Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Private Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
    EAWAG: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland)

  • Rossanie Malolo

    (Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Private Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi)

  • Save Kumwenda

    (Centre for Water, Sanitation, Health and Appropriate Technology Development (WASHTED), Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Private Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi
    Department of Environmental Health, Polytechnic, University of Malawi, Private Bag 303, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi)

  • Janelisa Musaya

    (Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Malawi, P.O Box 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 3, Malawi)

  • Tracy Morse

    (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Level 5 James Weir Building, G1 1XQ, Glasgow, UK)

Abstract

Diarrhoeal disease remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the under-five population, particularly in low income settings such as sub-Saharan Africa. Despite significant progress in sanitation and water access, faecal-oral infections persist in these populations. Therefore, a better understanding of these transmission pathways, and how potential risk factors can be reduced within low income contexts is needed. This study, conducted in Southern Malawi from June to October 2017, used a mixed methods approach to collect data from household surveys ( n = 323), checklists ( n = 31), structured observations ( n = 80), and microbiological food samples ( n = 20). Results showed that food prepared for immediate consumption (primarily porridge for children) posed a low health risk. Poor hygiene practices increased the risk of contamination from shared family meals. Faecal and Staphylococcal bacteria were associated with poor hand hygiene and unhygienic eating conditions. Leftover food storage and inadequate pre-consumption heating increased the risk of contamination. Improvements in food hygiene and hand hygiene practices at critical points could reduce the risk of diarrhoeal disease for children under 2 years but must consider the contextual structural barriers to improved practice like access to handwashing facilities, soap, food and water storage.

Suggested Citation

  • Kondwani Chidziwisano & Elizabeth Tilley & Rossanie Malolo & Save Kumwenda & Janelisa Musaya & Tracy Morse, 2019. "Risk Factors Associated with Feeding Children under 2 Years in Rural Malawi—A Formative Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-21, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:16:y:2019:i:12:p:2146-:d:240613
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Duncan Mara & Jon Lane & Beth Scott & David Trouba, 2010. "Sanitation and Health," PLOS Medicine, Public Library of Science, vol. 7(11), pages 1-7, November.
    2. Breanna K. Wodnik & Matthew C. Freeman & Anna S. Ellis & Emily Awino Ogutu & Amy Webb Girard & Bethany A. Caruso, 2018. "Development and Application of Novel Caregiver Hygiene Behavior Measures Relating to Food Preparation, Handwashing, and Play Environments in Rural Kenya," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 15(9), pages 1-23, September.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tracy Morse & Elizabeth Tilley & Kondwani Chidziwisano & Rossanie Malolo & Janelisa Musaya, 2020. "Health Outcomes of an Integrated Behaviour-Centred Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Food Safety Intervention–A Randomised before and after Trial," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(8), pages 1-19, April.

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