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Arsenic and Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils under Different Land Use in an Estuary in Northern Vietnam

Author

Listed:
  • Thinh Nguyen Van

    (Graduate School of Integrated Science for Global Society, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan)

  • Akinori Ozaki

    (Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan)

  • Hoang Nguyen Tho

    (Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Land Management, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100-000, Vietnam)

  • Anh Nguyen Duc

    (Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Land Management, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100-000, Vietnam)

  • Yen Tran Thi

    (Soil Science Laboratory, Faculty of Land Management, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100-000, Vietnam)

  • Kiyoshi Kurosawa

    (Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan)

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination of soil and sediment in estuaries warrants study because a healthy estuarine environment, including healthy soil, is important in order to achieve ecological balance and good aquaculture production. The Ba Lat estuary of the Red River is the largest estuary in northern Vietnam and is employed in various land uses. However, the heavy metal contamination of its soil has not yet been reported. The following research was conducted to clarify contamination levels, supply sources, and the effect of land use on heavy metal concentrations in the estuary. Soil samples were collected from the top soil layer of the estuary, and their arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) concentrations were analyzed, as were other soil properties. Most soils in the estuary were loam, silt loam, or sandy loam. The pH was neutral, and the cation exchange capacity ranged from 3.8 to 20 cmol·kg −1 . Manganese and iron concentrations averaged 811 µg·g −1 and 1.79%, respectively. The magnitude of the soil heavy metal concentrations decreased in the order of Zn > Pb > Cr > Cu > As > Cd. The concentrations were higher in the riverbed and mangrove forest than in other land-use areas. Except for As, the mean heavy metal concentrations were lower than the permissible levels for agricultural soils in Vietnam. The principal component analyses suggested that soil As, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cu were of anthropogenic origin, whereas Cr was of non-anthropogenic origin. The spatial distribution of concentration with land use indicated that mangrove forests play an important role in preventing the spread of heavy metals to other land uses and in maintaining the estuarine environment.

Suggested Citation

  • Thinh Nguyen Van & Akinori Ozaki & Hoang Nguyen Tho & Anh Nguyen Duc & Yen Tran Thi & Kiyoshi Kurosawa, 2016. "Arsenic and Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils under Different Land Use in an Estuary in Northern Vietnam," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(11), pages 1-13, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:13:y:2016:i:11:p:1091-:d:82235
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. John Aitchison & Michael Greenacre, 2002. "Biplots of compositional data," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 51(4), pages 375-392, October.
    2. Lê, Sébastien & Josse, Julie & Husson, François, 2008. "FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 25(i01).
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    1. Fernando Santos-Francés & Antonio Martínez-Graña & Carmelo Ávila Zarza & Antonio García Sánchez & Pilar Alonso Rojo, 2017. "Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals and the Environmental Quality of Soil in the Northern Plateau of Spain by Geostatistical Methods," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-20, May.
    2. Caili Sun & Sixi Zhu & Bin Zhao & Wujiang Li & Xiaoye Gao & Xiaodan Wang, 2019. "Effect of Land Use Conversion on Surface Soil Heavy Metal Contamination in a Typical Karst Plateau Lakeshore Wetland of Southwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-12, December.
    3. Ricardo Urrutia-Goyes & Ariadne Argyraki & Nancy Ornelas-Soto, 2017. "Assessing Lead, Nickel, and Zinc Pollution in Topsoil from a Historic Shooting Range Rehabilitated into a Public Urban Park," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-14, June.
    4. Jiyi Gong & Wenpeng Hou & Jie Liu & Kamran Malik & Xin Kong & Li Wang & Xianlei Chen & Ming Tang & Ruiqing Zhu & Chen Cheng & Yinglong Liu & Jianfeng Wang & Yin Yi, 2022. "Effects of Different Land Use Types and Soil Depths on Soil Mineral Elements, Soil Enzyme Activity, and Fungal Community in Karst Area of Southwest China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(5), pages 1-21, March.
    5. Thinh Nguyen Van & Yasuhito Osanai & Hai Do Nguyen & Kiyoshi Kurosawa, 2017. "Arsenic Speciation and Extraction and the Significance of Biodegradable Acid on Arsenic Removal—An Approach for Remediation of Arsenic-Contaminated Soil," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(9), pages 1-16, August.

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