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Effects of the Visual Exercise Environments on Cognitive Directed Attention, Energy Expenditure and Perceived Exertion

Author

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  • Mike Rogerson

    (Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

  • Jo Barton

    (Centre for Sports and Exercise Science, School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
    These authors contributed equally to this work.)

Abstract

Green exercise research often reports psychological health outcomes without rigorously controlling exercise. This study examines effects of visual exercise environments on directed attention, perceived exertion and time to exhaustion, whilst measuring and controlling the exercise component. Participants completed three experimental conditions in a randomized counterbalanced order. Conditions varied by video content viewed (nature; built; control) during two consistently-ordered exercise bouts (Exercise 1: 60% VO2peakInt for 15-mins; Exercise 2: 85% VO2peakInt to voluntary exhaustion). In each condition, participants completed modified Backwards Digit Span tests (a measure of directed attention) pre- and post-Exercise 1. Energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio and perceived exertion were measured during both exercise bouts. Time to exhaustion in Exercise 2 was also recorded. There was a significant time by condition interaction for Backwards Digit Span scores (F 2,22 = 6.267, p = 0.007). Scores significantly improved in the nature condition ( p < 0.001) but did not in the built or control conditions. There were no significant differences between conditions for either perceived exertion or physiological measures during either Exercise 1 or Exercise 2, or for time to exhaustion in Exercise 2. This was the first study to demonstrate effects of controlled exercise conducted in different visual environments on post-exercise directed attention. Via psychological mechanisms alone, visual nature facilitates attention restoration during moderate-intensity exercise.

Suggested Citation

  • Mike Rogerson & Jo Barton, 2015. "Effects of the Visual Exercise Environments on Cognitive Directed Attention, Energy Expenditure and Perceived Exertion," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 12(7), pages 1-16, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jijerp:v:12:y:2015:i:7:p:7321-7336:d:51859
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Kuo, F.E. & Faber Taylor, A., 2004. "A potential natural treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Evidence from a national study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 94(9), pages 1580-1586.
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    Cited by:

    1. Matthew Fraser & Sarah-Anne Munoz & Sandra MacRury, 2019. "Does the Mode of Exercise Influence the Benefits Obtained by Green Exercise?," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(16), pages 1-19, August.
    2. Carina Mnich & Susanne Weyland & Darko Jekauc & Jasper Schipperijn, 2019. "Psychosocial and Physiological Health Outcomes of Green Exercise in Children and Adolescents—A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(21), pages 1-19, November.
    3. Agata Gajdek & Idalia Kasprzyk & Bernadetta Ortyl, 2024. "The Importance of Landscape during Long-Distance Running Activity," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 16(2), pages 1-18, January.
    4. Mike Rogerson & Valerie F. Gladwell & Daniel J. Gallagher & Jo L. Barton, 2016. "Influences of Green Outdoors versus Indoors Environmental Settings on Psychological and Social Outcomes of Controlled Exercise," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(4), pages 1-16, March.
    5. Weizhen Xu & Dulai Zheng & Peilin Huang & Jiao Yu & Ziru Chen & Zhipeng Zhu & Jianwen Dong & Weicong Fu, 2022. "Does Bird Diversity Affect Public Mental Health in Urban Mountain Parks?—A Case Study in Fuzhou City, China," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(12), pages 1-16, June.
    6. Shanshan Wu & Hongqing Ji & Junyeon Won & Xiaolong Liu & Jung-Jun Park, 2021. "Effects of Acute Visual Stimulation Exercise on Attention Processes: An ERP Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(3), pages 1-15, January.
    7. Mike Rogerson & Ian Colbeck & Rachel Bragg & Adekunle Dosumu & Murray Griffin, 2020. "Affective Outcomes of Group versus Lone Green Exercise Participation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(2), pages 1-8, January.
    8. Ian Lahart & Patricia Darcy & Christopher Gidlow & Giovanna Calogiuri, 2019. "The Effects of Green Exercise on Physical and Mental Wellbeing: A Systematic Review," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 16(8), pages 1-26, April.
    9. Hsiao-Pu Yeh & Joseph A. Stone & Sarah M. Churchill & Eric Brymer & Keith Davids, 2017. "Physical and Emotional Benefits of Different Exercise Environments Designed for Treadmill Running," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-11, July.
    10. Valerie F. Gladwell & Pekka Kuoppa & Mika P. Tarvainen & Mike Rogerson, 2016. "A Lunchtime Walk in Nature Enhances Restoration of Autonomic Control during Night-Time Sleep: Results from a Preliminary Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-9, March.

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