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Reviews of Fiber-Reinforced Phenolic Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials for Aircraft

Author

Listed:
  • Xuenan Wang

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
    School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China)

  • Qianghui Xu

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Qiang Zheng

    (School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China)

  • Yi Shao

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

  • Jun Shen

    (School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)

Abstract

As advancements in aerospace technology continue, reentry conditions pose increasingly rigorous requirements for thermal protection materials. Among these, fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites have drawn substantial interest for their robust thermal insulation capabilities and enhanced ablation resistance, mechanical strength, and long-term reliability. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent developments in fiber-reinforced phenolic resin composites, examining factors such as resin density, nanopore size within the matrix, resin cross-linking density, fiber–resin interfacial bonding, fiber length, fiber crystallization degree, and fiber weave structures that collectively influence composite performance. The typical applications of these composites in ultrahigh-speed aircraft are also discussed. Furthermore, the paper offers recommendations for future advancements focusing on optimizing mechanical, ablative, and insulation properties to meet the multifunctional demands of thermal protection materials.

Suggested Citation

  • Xuenan Wang & Qianghui Xu & Qiang Zheng & Yi Shao & Jun Shen, 2025. "Reviews of Fiber-Reinforced Phenolic Resin-Based Thermal Protection Materials for Aircraft," Energies, MDPI, vol. 18(4), pages 1-26, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:gam:jeners:v:18:y:2025:i:4:p:819-:d:1587926
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mishnaevsky, Leon & Hasager, Charlotte Bay & Bak, Christian & Tilg, Anna-Maria & Bech, Jakob I. & Doagou Rad, Saeed & Fæster, Søren, 2021. "Leading edge erosion of wind turbine blades: Understanding, prevention and protection," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 953-969.
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